AQIDAHOI MAORIFPARVARII AHMADI DONISH.

Akidahoi maorifparvarii Ahmadi Donish, ki dar hayoti manavii on zamon nihoyat peshqadam hisob meyoft, dar natichai shinosoii u bo Rossiya tashakkul yofta budand. Ahmadi Donish badi safarhoi khud ba Peterburg pasmondagi va chaholati sokhti ichtimoi va madanii kishvari khudro fahmid. Vay peshrafti buzurgi ilmu tekhniki Rossiya va taraqqiyoti sanoati kapitalistro dida, ba vositai shakhsoni digar az peshrafthoi davlathoi taravdikardai Avrupo khabardor shud. Hamai in baroi tagyiroti buzurgi chahonbinii Ahmadi Donish ahamiyati kalone dosht.
Ahmadi Donish nagz mefahmid, ki baroi ba ommai vasei khalq nishon dodani pasmondagiyu kharobii kishvar, pesh az hama, chashmi odamonro ba sui mamlakati taravdikardai Rossiya kushodan lozim ast. Az in sabab dar asarhoi u masalai targib va tashviki hayoti ichtimoi va ilmiyu madanii rus mavqei khele kalone dorad. A.Donish dar du bobi makhsusi «Navodir-ul-vaqoe» du safari khud ba Rossiya (yake safari 1869-1870, digare safari 1873-1874) botafsil nakl mekunad. Dar in cho vay az sanati musikiyu teatrii khalki rus, korkhonahoi ilmiyu sanoati, az sokhtmoni kishtihoi ukyonusgard va pulu kuprukhoi buzurgi daryoi Neva, az tarzi zindagi va rasmu odobi mardumi rus, az zanhoi ozodu rukushoda, az kuchahoi tozavu ozoda va obodu zeboi Peterburg va hodisahoi digar khele batafsil va bo yak husni tavajjuhu hissiyoti garmu chushon hikoyatho kardaast. Albatta in naklu hikoyathoi muallif nafrati khonandai on zamonro nisbat ba razolatu chaholat ziyod menamudand.
Gayr az in, A. Donish dar choyhoi digar niz ba yagon munosibat az safarhoi ba Rossiya kardaash hikoyatho meorad, yo az zaboni qahramonhoi hikoyathoyash dar borai Rossiya yagon fikri khub va musbatero bayon mekunad.
CHunonchi, dar «Navodir-ul-vaqoe» dar bobi safari mardi Hochi dar borai qadrshinosii mardumi khristian ba olimon, sarfi nazar az dinu oin sukhan ronda, chunin yak voqearo az safari Peterburg nakl mekunad:
«CHamoai nasororo (yane khristianhoro)» turfa shafkati muhabbatdust marhali islomro, ki chunin narmiyu mehruboni dar miyoni khudashon (yane dar bayni khudi musulmonon) nest. Masalan, yake az ahli hunar.. .agar du bor ba nazdiki az arbobi davlat daroyad, ba nafrat va diltangi pesh oyand va guyand: «Har ruz peshi mo baroi chi meoyad va machlisi moro khalaldor va talkh megardonad». Bar khilofi nasoro (bar aksi khristianho), ki har bore behtar az avval muloqot kunand, khossa agar hunare dorad, noumed namekunand.
Bad az in A.Donish khudash hikoyat mekunad, ki chi tavr donishi uro dida vaziri rusho Stremoukhov ba u globusi (kurrai) zaminu osmonro tuhfa karda budaast. Donish uro dar sherash chunin madh kardaast:
Didand khalq sheramu hejam nadodaand, u sheri man nadid ato kard bekaron.
YAne na dar darkhuri tu buvad nakdi mulku mol, Gui zamin ba dasti tu bodovu osmon.
Akhmadi Donish bo vositai targibi madaniyati rus mekhost, dar hayoti ilmiyu manavii amorati Bukhoro usuli navi rusiyu avrupoi dokhil namoyad. In yake az jihathoi mukhimmi afkori maorifparvarii A. Donish bud. Vay dar asarhoi khud pasmondagii feodaliro sakht tankid mekard va namoyandagoni tabaqahoi hukmronro bo hajvi jonsuzash oshkoro dar peshi jamiyat fosh menamud. Vay menavisad, ki «Az shaykhho hama firebgar va az ullamo hama rishvatkhor ba nazar dar meomadand. Agar mudarrisro taftish kuni, daryobi, ki hama baroi mansab va maosh va manmaniyu khudsitoi ba in kor dast zadast; kozigiyu rais hej kore halol va muhabo nadorad, ayr az haromi mahz va shubahot; muftiyon hama chashm bar dar va dida ba zar dorand, to kase biyoyad sar kafida…. Va sikka va hujjate dihand va hillahoi shari biyomuzand va dirame bisitonand». Dar «Risolai tarikhi» in tabaqahoi muftkhury jamiyatiro bo sardorii amir az in ham sakhttar tanqid namudaast:
«In turfa hayvonot ba khud nazorat va amoratro laqab nihoda, ba zuru zulm khudsarona raftor karda, harchi khohand bikunand…. bas, agar holi sultonro taftish kuni, fosiqe, zolime, saffoqe: va kozi mardi rishvakhori harommkore va rais bediyonate va mirshab mayzada va kimorboz, sarguruhi rohzanon va sarkardai duzdon mebud».
Ahmadi Donish dar Rossiya tarzi navi davlatdoriro did, ki dar on jo yak tartibi muayyane jori ast. Gayr az in, az vazi mamlakathoi Avrupo khabardor shud, ki dar bisyor mamlakathoi on jo inqilob ba vujud omada, hokimiyati mutlaki podshohonro az bayn bardoshtand, yo ba vositai perlament huquki podshoh mahdud karda shudaast. Vay dar fasli vasiyati farzandon dar in khusus menavisad:
«Olimoni Avrupo va YUnon didand, ki dar davlatho zud
– zud inkilob meshavad, az kitobkhoi tarikhi sababi inkilobi davlatkhoi guzashtaro khonda takhlil namudaand, ki sababi in dar on budaast, ki podshokhi bo fikri khudashon jomearo bardoshta, tudaero khabs va musodir va katl mekunand». Pas olimon ba maslikhatu mashvarat binshasta guftand: «Hamai odamon dar rokhatu mekhnat va bakhtu
badbakhtii barobarand, chunki onkho farzandi yak padarand. Naboyad, ki be yagon sababe khamdigarro zeri dast kunand va be yagon khuquqe ziyodtalabi namoyand va khudi davlatro khamchun shakhse farz karda, baandozakhoi khukuk az vay khak talab kardan lozim ast».
Az khamin cho Akhmadi Donish ba akidae meoyad, ki dar sokhti jamiyati va davlatii Bukhoro tagyirot va islokhoti jiddi dokhil namudan lozim ast, to ki kholi mamlakat va akhvoli mardum bekhtar gardad. Vay in fikrkhoi siyosii khudro dar «Risola dar nazmi tamaddun va taovun» bayon namudaast. Muallif dar sarsukhani risola menavisad, ki vay dar peshnikhodkhoyashon tartibi davlatdorii mamlakatkhoi musulmoni va kham avrupoiyu rusro ba khisob giriftaast.
Akhmadi Donish sharti avvalini saltanatro dar aql va adl mebinad: «Adl az kamoli aql khezad», «Har ki okil nest, odil nest». Baroi in Akhmadi Donish talab mekunad, ki dar sari khokimiyat boyad khamesha shakhsi marifatnok nishinad va az rui akl kor kunad. «Asl dar viloyatdoriyu khukumat, ilmu amal ast», menavisad A.Donish.
Az in jo A.Donish ba on ishora mekunad, ki ba sultonii mamlakat na az rui meros, balki az rui aklu khirad va kobiliyati idorakuni intikhob kardan lozim ast. Donish bar khilofi akidai kukhnai sharq, ki sultonro khalifai khudo dar rui zamin meguftand, menavisad: «Hukamo guyand: podshokh dekhkonro monad va mamlakat bustonro». Binobar in, podshokh boyad baroi obodonii mamlakat mekhnat kunad: «Muzduri va toftani gulkhan nangu or nest, khidmate mekunad, muzde mebarad. Va dar khakikat khalq az shokhu gado khama muzdurand». Dar jamiyat khama barobarand va khej kasro az vakti tavallud ba boloi digare afzaliyate doda nashudaast. Hol on ki dar jamiyati Bukhoro chunin akidai suste pakhn shudaast, ki khatto «jarayoni taqdiri insoniro niz ba sulton nisbat medihand va sultonro khudoi rui zamin etiqod karda, namedonand, ki sulton ham bandai ochiz ast». Ahmadi Donish hatto menavisad, ki dar jamiyat «bisyor kason hastand, ki dar kori mamlakat az podshoh ziyoda boshand».
Pas chunin ki boshad, tamomi ikhtiyori korhoi mamlakatro bilkul va mutlakan ba dasti yak shakhsi nodon dodan tamoman nodurust ast. Ahmadi Donish dar in cho az rui tartibi davlati Rossiya dar amorat jori namudani vazorathoro taklif mekunad. In vazoratho boyad bo sohahoi muayayni kori mamlakat mashgul shavand. Vaziron az davlat muvofiqi mansabu vazifaashon mohona girand, to ki rishva nakhurand va khalqro toroj nakunand.
Akhmadi Donish bo sistemai vazoratdori mahdud nashuda, hatto tashkil namudani organi mashvaratiro (parlamentro) ba miyon meguzorad. Dar in tashkilot boyad namoyandagoni tamomi tabaqahoi jamiyati ishtirok kunand va tamomi korhoi mamlakat boyad dar hamin tashkiloti mashvarati hal shavad. u menavisad: «Sulton boyad, albatta az har tabaqa namoyandae doshta boshad, to ki dar korhoi muhimu buzurg bo har qavm mashvarat kunad, balki dorul-mashvarat (khonai mashvarat) tain kunad va bar on raise mansub gardonad va ba on Rais mohona muqarrar namoyad, to har ruz dar on jo namoyandahoi tabaqahoi mardum jam oyand, dar borai korhoi mamlakat va iqtisodi on va obodii viloyat mushovarat kunand, manfiatu zarari har maslihatro shumorand, to ki ba yak fikr ittifoq kunand».
In fikri Ahmadi Donish dar on zamon nihoyat peshqadamona va dalerona bud. Dar in taklifhoi Donish fikri demokratikunonii idorai davlat va madud namudani huquqi mutlaqiyati amir ifoda yofta bud.
Akhmadi Donish dar «Navodir-ul-vaqoe» va «Risolai tarikhi» manfiathoi khalqi mehnatkash, makhsusan tabaqai dekhqononro bo yak dilsuzi va khayrkhohi himoya namudaast. Dar «Risolai tarikhi» vay nishon medihad, ki amaldoronu mansabdoroni amir khalqro chi guna istismor mekunand va molu mulki uro toroj menamoyad. Az in sabab vay dar «Risola dar nazmi tamaddun va taovun» ba mardumi mehnatkash jabr nakardani amirro sharti muhimmi peshrafti mamlakat hisob mekunad: «Ammo huquqi raiyat bar sulton yake on, ki menavisad u, bar hama musulmonon ba tavoju boshad va ba bechoragon makhsusan…». «podshohon chun raiyatro bikohand va nokhush dorand va biyozorand, dushmani mulku davlati khesh boshand».
Ahmadi Donish taklif mekunad, ki odamoni pir va shakhsoni barjomonda, boyad az tarafi davlat tamin shavand. Ba in maqsad u tashkil namudani yak muassisaero, monandi khonai mayubon ba miyon meguzorad: «Barjomondagonro dar mahallate jam ovarad va haqi onhoro az khazinai davlat birasonad, to ki onho bo gadoivu tama khalqro dar tashvish namonand».
Dar asarhoi Ahmadi Donish mavzui targibi ilmu marifat, omukhtani fanhoi tabiiyu dunyavi, mavqei khele kalon dorand. Donish hanuz az kudaki usuli tahsili maktabro dida, bovari hosil kard, ki dar madrasaho ilmhoe omukhta meshavand, ki ba zindagii amalii jamiyat hej manfiate nadorand. Az in sabab vay barnomai omukhtani zaboni arabiro tanqid kard.
In chunin Ahmadi Donish barnomai tahsili madrasahoi Bukhoro tahlil namuda, omukhtani ilmhoi tekhnikiyu tabii va fizikiyu kimyoiro, (ki dar mamlakathoi taraqqikarda
omukhta meshud) ba miyon guzosht. Baroi purquvvat namudani in fikr, u az hayoti ilmi va kashfiyothoi khalqirusva avrupoyon dar asarhoi khud misolhoi khele bovaribakhsh ovardaast. Vay menavisad, ki dar Avrupo olimon qahri uqyonusho, sitoravu sayyorahoro meomuzand va hatto fikri ba moh parvoz kardan dar bayni olimon paydo shudaast. Dar borai kori tadqiqotii olimonu injeneroni rus chunin malumot medihad: – «Va dar tarafi garbii ark kuchai buzurg ast, ki on tarafash muhandiskhona (yane muassisai ilmi, monandi byuroi konstruktori, injeneri) ast va dar on har khel mardoni donishvar baroi ilm jam meshavand va dar khususi salohiyati mamlakatu davlat bo ham maslihat mekunand va bad az imtihonu tajriba (ilmhoi khudro) ba amal chori mekunand».
Akhmadi Donish dar sharoiti Bukhoro zarur budand, makhsusan ba khonandagoni khudro ba omukhtani zaboni rusi khidoyat mekard. Vay dar yakchand choyi «Navodir-ul-vaqoe» izhori taassuf mekunad, ki ba omukhtani zaboni rusi imkoniyat nadosht.
Hamin tariqa, akidahoi maorifparvaronai Ahmadi Donishro, chunin khulosa kardan munkin ast:
.Muborizai u ba muqobili sokhti pusidai feodalii amorati
Bukhoro va sohahoi gunoguni hayoti siyosivu iqtisodii on.
.Targibi ilmu marifat va tarzi zindagii avrupoiyu rusi.
. Himoyati manfiati ommai mekhnatkash, makhsusan, dekhdonon.
Akhmadi Donish dar avval fikr mekard, ki agar amiru vazir az mansab barkanor shavand, sharoiti zindagii khalki mekhnatkash behtar meshavad. Ammo dar okhir ba chunin akidae omad, ki agar hokimiyati mutlak tamoman nest karda nashavad va yak inkilobi buzurge ba miyon naoyad, digarguni va behbudi dar ahvoli khalk va mamlakat nomumkin ast. Az in chost, ki u dar okhiri risolai tarikhiash mardumro ba sarnagun namudani hokimiyati zulmbunyodi amiron davat mekunad: – «Va in farmon farmoyon, ki holo mo hazrati amir va chonibi vazirash mekhonem, onho monandi hayvonand, balki az hayvon ham badtarand. Az rui shariat az mansab dur karda shudani onho har ruz zokhir meshavad va hech kasro ba khukmi onho itoat kardan lozim ham nest, dar surati itoat nakardan gunakhkor ham nakhohad shud». (Akhmadi Donish. Navodir-ul-vaqoe.- Dushanbe; Donish, 1988.-283 s.)
In fikrhoi Ahmadi Donish dar on zamon nihoyat dalerona va chasurona budand.