Akhloq chist?

Akhloq yake az shaklhoi shuuri jamiyati va hodisai tarikhi, majmui qoidahoi raftori tarikhii tashakkulyoftai mardum meboshad, ki tajribai chandinasrai munosibathoi insoniro faro megirad. Mazmun va rohu ravishi akhloqro sharoiti moddii jomea muayyan karda, onro ba maydon meorad, muhofizat mekunad va taraqqi medihad. Hulq munosibati odamro ba odam, jamiyat va oila muayyan mekunad.

Buzurgoni ilmu adabi forsu tojik dar mavzui khulqi poku sof base ranjho burda, mafhumi pokiro ba arshi alo barovarda, to ba simoi farishtahoi beayb shabohat doda, dar tuli qarnho az ilmi akhloq bahri bekanore ba vujud ovardaand. In ranjho dar tarikh bahri akhloq az ejodiyoti khalq va ustod Abuabdullohi Rudaki ogoz yofta, to mutafakkironi kununi faro rasidaast.

Nazariya, mavzu va masoili talimu tarbiyavi dar ejodiyoti guruhe az adibon hamchun dastovardhoi mustaqil nabuda, dar tarkibi asarhoi adabi omekhta, bo afkori siyosiyu ijtimoy intishor yofta, manzuri ahli binish gardidaand. Ba in mani ofaridahoi Abuabdullohi Rudaki, Abushakuri Balkhi, Abuali ibni Sino, Abulqosim Firdavsi, Asadii Tusi, Umari Hayyom, Sadivu Hofizi SHerozi, Kamoli Hujandi va digaron ba in yo on munosibatu mavride talif yoftaand. Ammo dar in miyon dar maydoni adabiyot va madaniyati khalq buzurgone qadam nihodaand, ki afkoru akoidi kheshro makhsus ba akhlok va talimu tarbiya bakhshida, asarho ofaridaand.

Akhloq chist?

Akhloq sinonimi – hammanoi kalimai “Odob”  va “Farosat” ast va ba rusi onro “Etika” menomand.

CHunonchi, «Jovidon khirad»-i Abuali Ahmad ibni Muhammad YAkub (vaf. 1030), «Rushnoinoma» va «Saodatnoma»-i Nosiri Husrav (1003-1088), «Tuhfat-ul-vuzaro»-i Abdullohi Ansory (1006-1088), <{Qobusnoma»-i Unsurulmaolii Kaykovus (1020-1099), «Kimiyoi saodat», «Nasihat-ul- muluk»-i Imom Muhammadi Gazzoly (1094-1107), «Kalila va Dimna»-i Abulmaolii Nasrulloh (1118-1157), «Pandnoma»-i Faridaddin Attori Nishopury (1119-1233), «Buston» va «Guliston»-i SHaykh Muslihiddin Sadii SHerozy (1184-1292), «Akhloki Nosiry»-i SHaykh Nasiruddini Tusy (ta. 1235), «Makorim-ul-akhlok»-i Amir Sayid Aly ibni SHahhobi Hamadony (vaf. 1384), «Bahoriston»-i Mavlono Abdurahmoni CHomy (ta. 1478), «SHarh-ul-odob»-i Mullo Muhammadi Tabrizy (vaf. 1494), «Akhloki Muhsiny» va «Anvori Suhayly»-i Husayn Voizi Koshify (1420-1505), «Akhloki CHaloly» va «Lavome-ul- ishrok-fy-makorim-ul-akhlok»-i CHaloluddin Muhammadi Davvony (ta. 1475), <<Odob-us-solihin»-i Abdulhak ibni Sayfiddin Qodiri Dehlavy (vaf.1642), «Odob-ul-mubin»- i Giyosuddin ibni Eshon Mirziyouddin (ta. 1867), «Akhloki Muzaffary» (ta. 1860) va «Akhloki Muhammady»-i (ta. 1871) Mir Abutohirkhojai Sadri Samarkandy (vaf. 1885), risolahoi akhlokii «Meboyad did», «Meboyad pisandid»-i Muhammad Husayn Tolibi Pury (ta. 1879) va amsoli inho.

Ustodon va sukhanvaroni adab dar nihodu tabiati inson joy doshtani sifathoi olii akhloqro az jumlai behtarin manaviyotu poyai odamiyat, muhimtarin vositai kamolot, asosi peshravii rqzgor, obodii mulk, martabayu obru, husni botiniyu zevari inson ba qalam dodaand.

Namoyandagoni afkori peshqadam hayoti muftkhurona va bekoriyu sarsariyonaro vobasta ba sharoiti tarikhii ijtimoy va bo mururi zamon donista, sarchashmai badakhloqivu badbakhtiho va zarari har guna musibatho hisobidaand. Onho aqida dorand, ki ibrati khayr yo sharri muhitu sharoiti zist dar tinatu sirati odamon mahz az khurdi tasir khohad kard. Ba in many Sady chunin meguyad:

Ey salim, ob zi sarchashma biband,

Ki chu pur shud, natavon bastan juy!

Mahsuli dastranji akhloqii mutafakkiron dar hayoti siyosivu ijtimoii davru zamonho, dar tarbiyai akhloqi nomusovii pok, dar khidmati moddy va manaviyoti tabaqaho dar tuli karnho zinahoro tay namuda, to zamoni mo mazmunu mundarijai khudro nabokhtaast.

Akhloqi hamida, etiboru obru va oinai begubori botinu bori gizoy sudbakhshi ruhu choni mardum buda, az chumlai masalahoest, ki hamvora takhti nazari davlat qaror giriftaast. Talaboti sharoiti ruzgori muosir ba omukhtani akhloqimahoi buzurgon ehtiyoj dorad. In asarhoro vobasta ba zarurati ruzgori jori va talaboti qarorhoi davlati, ki boisi yorii tinati poku manaviyot megardand, jam kardan saloh ast.

Hislathoi olii akhloq va parvaridani khulqu odob ba hamai azoi jamiyat az talaboti ruzafzuni zamon ast. Talab karda meshavad, ki azoi jamiyat hayoti khudro boshuurona ba roh monand. Baroi tarbiyai nasli javon va navin zarurati baland bardoshtani sifathoi manavy va akhloqi meafzoyad.

Muallifi in satrho, ki soliyoni daroz peshai omuuzgorii maktabi miyonaro ba zimma dorad, qaror doda, ki barkhe az ofaridahoi akhloqii buzurgoni ilmu adabi tojiku forsro jam namuda, dar shakli kitobi alohida ba khonandagon peshnihod namoyad va ba in vasila dar kori khayr hissae guzorad.

#AkhloqDarIslom