Asoshoi ilmi rushdi faoliyati innovatsioni

Dar asri XXI ba amal omadani tagyiroti nazariyavi dar tamini rushdi innovatsionii jomea dar nazar ast. In ba on vobasta ast, ki aksari kishvarhoi jahon dar davrai guzarish ba marhilai sifatan navi rushd, yane rushdi innovatsioniyu ittilooti qaror dorand. Ravandhoi innovatsioni dar rushdi iqtisodi toraft mavqei sazovorro ba dast meorand va hissai mahsuloti sohakhoi tekhnologiyaashon peshrafta dar majmui mahsuloti dokhilii aksari kishvarhoi mutaraqqi muntazam meafzoyad. Iqtisodiyote ba vujud omada istodaast, ki onro «iqtisodiyoti nav» menomand.

Jori namudani mafhumi «iqtisodiyoti nav» dar tajribai ilmi bevosita bo hal gardidani mushkilihoi rushdi faoliyati innovatsioni va bahodihii sifatan navi naqshi ilm va ravandhoi innovatsioni vobastaast. Az in ru, purzur gardidani omili ilmiyu innovatsioni dar jomea, guzarish ba navi innovasionii khojagidoriro peshnihod menamoyad, ki on ba idorai bozor va mazmuni tanzimi davlatii iqtisodiyot sakht tasir merasonad.

Dar sharoiti jahonishavi rushdi innovatsionii iqtisodiyot ba afzoishi sifati zindagii shahrvandon kam kardani aqibmondagi az kishvarhoi peshraftai jahon nigaronida shudaast, ki in ba hamgiroii baynalkhalqi musoidat menamoyad. Dar in mavrid, vazifai muhimi rushdi innovatsioni afzoishi istehsolot va furushi mahsuloti tekhnologiashon peshraftai raqobatpazir dar bozori jahoni meboshad, ki onho binobar dar tarkibi khud doshtani mehnati zehni hissai ziyodi arzishi ilovashudaro molikand. Dar kishvarhoi mutaraqqi 80-95 foizi majmui mahsuloti dokhili ba hissai donishhoi navi dar tekhnika va tekhnologiya tajassumyofta, usulhoi tashkili mehnat, istehsolot va idora, inchunin baland bardoshtani darajai tahsiloti aholi rost meoyad.

Baroi Tojikiston, ki dar in jo iqtisodi bozargoni tashakkul meyobad, siyosati innovatsioni ba nigohdorii ilmiyu tekhnologii mamlakat nigaronida shudaast. Tamini rushdi ustuvori minbadai iqtisodiyoti mamlakat muayyan namudani siyosati navi davlatii innovatsioniero taqozo dorad, ki on ba oyandai ustuvori darozmuhlat nigaronida shuda boshad. Baroi in, muqarrar namudani tavozuni durusti taqsimi zakhiraho bayni davrahoi gunoguni sikli innovatsioni zarur ast. Ogozi asri XXI nishon medihad, ki dar jahoni muosir tabadduloti amiqi ittilootiyu tekhnologi surat megirad, ki vay ba hama jabhahoi istehsoloti muosir, ba hamai nizomi munosibathoi jamiyati tasiri ziyod merasonad. Qonuniyathoi jahoni rushdi innovatsionii maorif va tayyor kardani kadrho, qonuniyathoi paydoish va jorisozii kashfiyotu ikhtiroot va navgonihoi tekhniki, tashkiliyu iqtisodi, gustarishi (dinamikai) darajai ilmiyu tekhniki va sifati mahsulot mushkilihoi iqtisodiyoti bozargonii muosirro nishon medihand.

Dar tajribai tahlili iqtisodi yak qator mafhumhoe istifoda meshavand, ki dar borai innovatika, innovatsiya va jarayonhoi innovatsioni malumot medihand.

Innovatika-sohai ilm buda, nazariyahoi gunoguni navovari, tashakkuli navigariho, pahnshavii onho, omilhoi ba navovari tasirrasonanda, korkardi qarorhoi innovatsioni va gayraro dar bar megirad.

Faoliyati innovatsioni in jarayone meboshad, ki ba amalisozii natijahoi tadqiqothoi ilmi va korkardhoi anjomyofta va yo digar dastovardhoi ilmi-tekhniki, mahsuloti nav va yo takmilyofta, takmili jarayonhoi tekhnologi va inchunin, tadqiqotho va korkardhoi ilovagii ba on aloqamand ravona karda shudaast.

Innovatsiya (navovari)-natijai nihoii faoliyati innovatsioni buda, dar shakli mahsuloti nav yo takmilyoftai dar bozor furukhtashavanda va yo jarayoni tekhnologii nav va takmilshudai dar faoliyati korkhona istifodashavanda, amali karda meshavad.

Iqtidori innovatsionii korkhona (soha, mintaqa, davlat) -in majmui namudhoi gunoguni zakhiraho, az jumla, zakhirahoi moddi, moliyavi, zehni, ilmi-tekhniki va gayra meboshad, ki baroi amalisozii faoliyati innovatsioni zarur ast.

Sohai innovatsioni-sohai faoliyati istehsolkunandagon va yo istemolkunandagoni mahsuloti (kor, khizmat) innovatsioni meboshad, ki ba sokhtan va pahnkunii innovatsiya aloqamand ast.

Infrasokhtori innovatsioni tashkilotest, ki faoliyati innovatsioniro (markazhoi innovatsioni-tekhnologi, tekhno-parkho, markazhoi talimi-kori va digar tashkilothoi makhsus) amali mesozad.

Rushdi innovatsioni dar sharoiti iqtisodi bozori dar zeri tasiri meyornomai «dasti noayon»-i A.Smit surat girifta, ba jori namudani omilhoi maqsadnoki faolkunonii sohahoi iqtisodiyot ovarda merasonad. Hamin tavr, tahiyai strategiyai faol gardidani ravandi innovatsionii subekthoi iqtisodi dar asosi korkard va tashkili mavodhoi navi ivazkunandai voridot, tekhnologiyai nav, usulhoi peshqadami idorai istehsolot, jori namudani tekhnologiyai peshqadam va nou-khau surat megirad.

Nizomi millii innovatsioni boyad dar zaminai meyorivu huquqi dar sohai faoliyati ilmi, ilmiyu tekhniki, innovatsioni, inchunin rushdi nizomi tadbirhoi iqtisodii havasmandgardonii in faoliyat, tashakkul yobad. Ilova bar in, tahiyai sanadhoi qonunguzori oid ba molikiyati zehni, himoya va muhofizati huquqhoi Jumhurii Tojikiston ba inshooti molikiyati zehni va natijahoi digari faoliyati ilmi va ilmiyu tekhniki zarur ast. Hamin tariq, baroi tashkilothoi hamai sohahoi iqtisodiyoti ba ravandi innovatsioni vobasta buda (dar tadqiqotho va pajuhishho, istehsolot, furush va khizmatrasonii navovariho, omodasozi va bozomuzii kadrhoi ilmiyu tadqiqoti, mablagguzorii in jarayon, tamini meyoriyu huquqi) qoidahoi «bozi»- ro tashkil namudan zarur meboshad.

Dar marhilai mazkur zarurati mavjud budani nizomi innovatsionii millii kishvar pesh meoyad, ki on ba gayr az mekhanizmhoi musoidi iqtisodi va tashkiliyu huquqi, inchunin zersokhtori mukammalro niz boyad faro girad. Zersokhtori nizomi innovatsioni markazhoi ittilootiyu innovatsioni, tekhnoparkho, tekhnopolisho, markazhoi tahvili tekhnologiyaho va inkubatorhoi tekhnologi, telekommunikatsiya va ittilooti davlatii ilmiyu tekhnikiro dar bar megirad.

Tashakkuli nizomi millii innovatsioni, ki tamin namudani faoliyati innovatsioniro dar miqyosi davlat talab mekunad, rushdi iqtidori kadrii sohai ilmiyu tekhniki, bahodihii faolnokii innovatsionii korkhonahoi mamlakat, taminoti moliyavii faoliyati innovatsioni dar kishvarro peshbini mekunad. Az sababi on ki sohai innovatsioni dar Tojikiston aknun tashkil shuda istodaast, holo omodasozii kadrhoi ilmiyu tekhniki ahamiyati makhsus paydo kardaand. Vobasta ba in, rushdi minbadai takmili omodasozii kadrhoi ilmi tavassuti aspirantura, doktorantura va instituthoi unvonjui zarur ast. Inchunin zarurati tashkilu tayyor kardani menejeroni faoliyati innovatsioni, tashkili talim va takmili ikhtisosi hayati shakhsi

baroi tatbiqi loihahoi innovatsionii va rushdi infrasokhtori purzur megardad. Tojikiston az zakhirahoi tabii boy buda, sarmoyai nazarrasi insoni niz dorad. Vaziyati baamalomada dar nazdi mamlakat yak qator mushkilihoero pesh meguzorad, ki dar bayni onho mushkilii ba tavri samaranok istifodabarii sarmoyai insoni dar maddi avval guzoshta meshavad. Sifatu miqyos, inchunin mahsulnokii istifodai zakhirahoi tabii bo sarmoyai insoni muayyan karda meshavad.

Hatto agar muhiti innovatsioni faroham ovarda shavad ham, korkhonaho na hama vaqt metavonand az in imkoniyati badastomada oqilona istifoda namoyand. Zero, baroi aksari rohbaron va kormandoni korkhonaho norasoii donishu malakahoi nav khos ast. Az in ru, mushkili tatbiqi sarmoyaguzorihoi voqei dar yakjoyagi bo sarmoyai insoni ba vujud meoyad.

Rushdi iqtidori kadrii sohai ilmiyu tekhnikii kishvar bo sathi tahsiloti aholi muayyan karda meshavad, ki baland bardoshtani on ba sifati sarmoyai insoni ba tavri nazarras tasir merasonad. Bahoi Sozmoni Millali Muttahid nishon medihad, ki dar sokhtori sarvathoi millii aksar kishvarhoi jahon karib az se du hissaash ba sarmoyai insoni rost meoyad. Dar ayni zamon dar sokhtori ijtimoi mavqei asosiro mutakhassison – molikon, ki ba tahiya, azkhudkuni, tahvil, istifodai navovarihoi ba nizomhoi murakkabi ilmiyu tekhniki va ittilootiyu tekhnologi khizmatrasonanda mashguland, ishgol menamoyand. Asosi rushdi innovatsioniro sohibkori tashkil menamoyad.

In faoliyati subekthoi mustaqili khojagidorist, ki tavakkal karda innovatsiyaro oid ba tahiya, azkhudkuni, intiqol va istifodai navovariho va az onho ba tavri murattab giriftani foidaro bar dushi khud megirad. Ba rushdi innovatsioni shaklhoi navi idorai davlati, banaqshagirii oyanda, mablagguzorii mubtakir (venchuri), menejmenti innovatsioni, sifati balandi korho va azkhudkunii tekhnologiyahoi nav khos ast. Talaboti rushdi innovatsioni beshtar ba nizomi javobgarii korkhonaho va kormand, havasmandsozii ravoniyu moddi, bozomuzii muntazami kadrhoi sohibikhtisos muvofiqat mekunad.

Sohibkoron namoyandagoni asosii iqtisodi bozargoni meboshand va onho bo tafakkuri innovatsioni farq mekunand, ki on ba istifodai oqilonai zakhiraho va giriftani daromadi harchi beshtar az faoliyati sohibkori nigaronida shudaast. Y.SHumpeter dar asari khud «Nazariyai rushdi iqtisodi» («Teoriya ekonomicheskogo razvitiya»), ki soli 1911 nashr shudaast, az iqtisodiyoti ananavi dast kashida, tasdiq mekunad, ki «meyori» iqtisodi solim, voqeiyati asosii nazariyai iqtisodi va tajriba na barobari va mutanosibi, balki nobarobarii gustarishyobanda meboshad, ki on az faoliyati navovar, sohibkor vobasta ast.

Asosi iqtisodii rushdi innovatsioniro kharojoti korhoi ilmi tashkil medihad. Dar iqtisodiyoti jahoni har 7-10 sol du marotiba afzudani kharojot baroi tadqiqothoi ilmi, khususan kharojoti bevositai to istifodai sanoati surat megirad. Vale kharojoti davrai guzarish baroi kishvarhoi doroi iqtisodiyoti guzarish ba tamini surati zarurii kharojoti korhoi ilmi dar sathi miyonai jahoni imkon namedihad. Az in ru, hangomi intikhobi navhoi strategiyai rushdi innovatsioni mushkilihoi nav sar mezanand. Tavre malum ast, dar iqtisodi jahoni chunin navhoi strategiyahoi rushdi innovatsionii kishvarhoro az ham judo mekunand:

• strategiyai «guzaronidan»;
• strategiyai «az khud kardan»yo «muvofiq kardan»;
• strategiyai «afzun sokhtan».

Tanho haminro boyad qayd kard, ki strategiyai «guzaronidan» yo «muvofiq kardan», ki ba kuchonidani innovatsiyaho, navovariho ba iqtisodiyoti khudi asos yoftaast va strategiyai «afzun sokhtan», ki ba istifodai iqtidorhoi ilmiyu tekhnikii khudi, jalb namudani olimonu mutakhassisoni khoriji, hamgiroii ilmhoi bunyodi va amali asos yoftaast, dar ayni zamon baroi Jumhurii Tojikiston qobili qabul nestand.

Hamin tariq, dar sathi mamlakat intikhobi strategiyai «az khud kardan» yo «muvofiq kardan»-i rushdi innovatsioniro hamchun nuskhai nisbatan qobili qabuli rushdi ilmiyu tekhnologi barrasi kardan mumkin ast. Intikhobi strategiyai rushdi innovatsionii mazkur dar mamlakat binobar holathoi zerin zarurat dorad, avvalan- bo mavjud budani quvvai korii arzoni tahsiloti kofidoshta; duyum-iqtidori khudii ilmiyu tekhnologii darkhostnashuda; seyum – imkoniyati tadrijan ziyod kardani taminoti khudii muhandisiyu tekhnikii istehsoli namudhoi navi mahsulot; chorum – azkhudkunii istehsoli mahsulote, ki qablan dar kishvarhoi nisbatan peshrafta istehsol meshud. CHunin tajriba dar Jumhurii Halqii CHin va yak qator kishvarhoi Osiyoi Janubiyu SHarqi allakay qabul shudaast. Onho bo istifoda az strategiyai «az khud kardan» ba rushdi bosuboti innovatsioni noil shudand, inchunin sanoati raqobatpazirro bunyod namuda, surati balandi rushdi iqtisodiro tamin kardaand.

Dar iqtisodi jahoni tajribai muayyani kishvarhoe paydo gardidaast, ki onho nuskhai innovatsionii rushdi iqtisodiyotro intikhob namudaand. Dar chunin kishvarho barnomahoi davlatii puriqtidori dastgirii ravandi innovatsioni mavjud meboshad. Ba gayr az in, fishanghoi tanzimi gayrimustaqimi faoliyati innovatsioni dar shakli takhfifhoi andozi az mablagi umumii sarmoyaguzoriho ba qismi faoli sarmoyai asosi, kam kardani daromadi andozbandishavandai korkhonaho az mablagguzoriho ba tadqiqotu pajuhish,         tagyir  dodani  qonunguzorii          ziddinhisori (antimonopolisti), ki ba shirkatho tasis dodani tresthoi mushtaraki tadqiqoti, barnomaho (konsorsiumho) va gayra imkoniyatho faroham meorand. Dar natijai tatbiqi siyosati davlatii samarabakhsh imruz Olmon, IMA, Jopon dar majmu 48 foizi hajmi jahonii tekhnologiyahoi navtarinro doroand.

Innovatsiyahoe, ki dar tekhnologiyahoi nav, mahsulot va tajhizot, khizmatrasoni, dar ravandhoi navi tashkil va takmili ikhtisosi kadrho

inikos yoftaand, raqobatpazirii balandi iqtisodiyotro tamin mekunand. Har yak mamlakat novobasta ba on, ki dar kadom sathi rushd qaror dorad, boyad ba tashakkuli nizomi millii innovatsionii khud va tashkili navi innovatsionii iqtisodiyot, kushish namoyad.

SHarthoi asosii tashkili navi innovatsionii iqtisodiyot inho meboshand:

• Bahisobgiri va daqiqsozii juzu tomhoi ilmi va ilmiyu tekhniki, korkhonaho va sohahoi on ba rushdi iqtidori ilmi. Dar in mavrid, bahodihii raqobatpazirii sohahoi gunoguni iqtisodiyot, darajai tekhnologiyaho muvofiqi maqsad ast;
• Mavjud budani nizomi millii innovatsionii samaranok korkunanda, ki tashkilothoi davlatiyu khususi, korkhonahoi bakhshhoi ilmiyu tekhnologii iqtisodiyotro havasmand mesozand;
• Muayyan namudan va tasdiqi samthoi afzaliyatnoki rushdi innovatsioni va tekhnologiyahoi baroi korkhonahoi mamlakat nihoyat muhimbuda;
• Dar ilmi iqtisodi, shuuri ommavi va qonunguzori inikosu sabt kardani mazmuni navi sarmoya. Qismi nisbatan gustarishyobandai on – doroihoi gayrimoddi meboshand, ki arzishi ijozatnomahoi (litsenziyahoi) patenti va gayripatentiro ba obekthoi molikiyati zehni (ikhtiroot, namunahoi sanoati, nou-khau, nishonahoi moli va firmavi, dastovardhoi tukhmiparvari, barnomahoi kompyuteri, tekhnologiyahoi naqshahoi integrali, huquqi muallifi)-ro dar bar megirand;
• Tagyiroti kullii siyosati innovatsioni. Tavre ki malum ast, faoliyati innovatsioni dar mamlakat az bisyor jihat az muhiti sarmoyaguzori vobasta ast va binobar in, sokhtori sarmoyaguzorihoro az nuqtai nazari ishtiroki onho dar ravandhoi innovatsioni yak bori digar az nav dida baromadashuda, sarmoyaguzorii venchuriro rivoj dodan zarur ast;
• Ba molikoni samarabakhshi ba navovari qodirbuda va ba on manfiatdoshta tabdil dodani korkhonaho, shirkatho, instituthoi tadqiqotii ilmi, hayathoi loihakashi;
• Baland bardoshtani samaranokii tatbiqi siyosati innovatsioni, dar asosi tashkili sharoiti musoidi rushdi sozmonhoi moliyaviyu qarzii faoliyati innovatsioni, takmilu tanzimi qonunguzori va meyoriyu huquqii faoliyati innovatsioni dar sohai ilmiyu-tekhniki, digargunsozihoi institutsionali dar sohahoi sanoat;
• Sarmoyai insoniro, ba sohai asosii mablagguzorihoi darozmuhlat tabdil dodani sarmoyaguzoriho. In usulhoi navi bahodihii sugurtai tavakkal kardan, jalbi vositahoi shakhsi, qarzdihi ba donishjuyon va gayraro talab mekunad;
• Hamgiroii ilmiyu tekhnikii barobar va mutaqobilai sudmand bo sharikoni hamkorihoi ilmiyu tekhniki va iqtisodi.

Baroi Tojikiston dar in davra nihoyat muhim ast, ki iqtidori tashkilshudai ilmiyu tekhniki, tashkiliyu iqtisodi va zehni boyad qobili istifoda boshad, ba sharoiti bozori jahoni mutobiq gardad va gustarish yobad. Holo yak qator qonunho va qarorhoi Hukumati Jumhurii Tojikiston ba tavsib rasidaand, ki rushdi faoliyati innovatsioniro tanzim menamoyand. Ba in qonunho va qarorhoi Hukumati Jumhurii Tojikiston inho dokhil meshavand:

• «Dar borai namunahoi sanoati» (soli 2004);
• «Dar boari ikhtiroot» (soli 2004);
• «Dar borai hifzi huquqii topollogiyahoi mikroskhemahoi integrali» (soli 2006);
• «Dar borai nishonahoi molho va nishonahoi khizmatrasoniho» (soli 2007);
• «Dar borai parki tekhnologi» (soli 2010);
• «Dar borai faoliyati innovatsioni» (16.04. soli 2012);

Inchunin dar qismi seyumi Kodeksi shahrvandii Jumhurii Tojikiston (soli 2005), fasli «Molikiyati zehni» vorid karda shudaast.

In sanadhoi meyorii huquqii zikrshudaro tanho chun ogozi korho dar samti tashakkuli nizomi maqsadnok va hamafarogiri qonunguzori barrasi kardan mumkin ast, ki zaminai asosii baroi rudi vasei faoliyati innovatsioni dar Jumhurii Tojikiston ba hisob meravand:

• Qonuni Jumhurii Tojikiston «Dar borai ilm va siyosati davlati oid ba ilmu tekhnika» (soli1998);
• Qonuni Jumhurii Tojikiston «Dar borai Akademiyai ilmhoi Jumhurii Tojikiston» (soli 2002);
• qarori Hukumati Jumhurii Tojikiston «Dar borai Konsepsiyai siyosati davlatii ilmiyu tekhnikii Jumhurii Tojikiston» (soli 1999);
• qarori Hukumati Jumhurii Tojikiston «Dar borai rushdi ilmhoi daqiq dar Jumhurii Tojikiston baroi solhoi 2005-2008» (soli 2003);
• qarori Hukumati Jumhurii Tojikiston «Dar borai tasdiqi Strategiyai Jumhurii Tojikiston dar sohai ilm va tekhnologiya baroi solhoi 2007-2015» (soli 2006);
• qarori Hukumati Jumhurii Tojikiston «Dar borai tasdiqi Barnomai tayor kardani kadrhoi ilmi dar Jumhurii Tojikiston baroi solhoi 2009-2015» (soli 2008);
• qarori Hukumati Jumhurii Tojikiston «Dar borai tasdiqi Barnomai hamgiroii ilm va tahsiloti olii Jumhurii Tojikiston baroi solhoi 2010-2015» (soli 2008);
• qarori Hukumati Jumhurii Tojikiston «Dar borai Barnomai tatbiqi dastovardhoi ilmiyu tekhniki dar istehsoloti sanoatii Jumhurii Tojikiston baroi solhoi 2010-2015» (soli 2009)
• qarori Hukumati Jumhurii Tojikiston «Dar borai tasdiqi Barnomai rushdi ilmhoi tabiatshinosi va riyozivu tekhniki baroi solhoi 2010-2020» (soli 2010);
• qarori Hukumati Jumhurii Tojikiston «Dar borai tasdiqi Nomguyi samthoi afzaliyatdoshtai tahqiqoti ilmi dar Jumhurii Tojikiston baroi solhoi 2010-2012» (soli 2010);
• qarori Hukumati Jumhurii Tojikiston «Dar borai tasdiqi Strategiyai Jumhurii Tojikiston dar sohai ilm va tekhnologiya baroi solhoi 2011-2015» (Tahriri nav, soli 2011);
• qarori Hukumati Jumhurii Tojikiston «Barnomai rushdi innovatsionii Jumhurii Tojikiston baroi solhoi 2011-20120» (soli 2011).