Farqiyati namoyandagoni
jinshoi mardona va zanona dar
se sath barrasi karda mesha-
vand: sathi anatomi – morfologi; sathi fiziologi – hor-
monali va sathi ijtimoi- psikhologi. Baroi bahoi voqei
dodan ba tafovuti psikhologii jinsho tavsifi du sathi
avval (darajai biologi) niz muhim ast.
Farkiyati sismonii sinshoro, ki asosi biologi dorad,
dimorfizmi sinsi menomand.
Hanuz dar lahzai bordorshavii hujayratukhm tano-
subi khromosomho jinsiyati genetikii janinro muayyan me-
kunand, ki dar skhemai biologi chunin tasvir karda mesha-
vad: XX- dukhtar va H¥- pisar. Taqriban dar haftai 7-mi
inkishofi janin gadudhoi jinsi tashakkul meyoband, ki
jinsiyati hormonalii uro muayyan mekunand. Hormoni in
gadudho az yak jonib samti inkishofi morfologii jinsro
muayyan karda, ba shaklgirii alomathoi avvalindarajai
jinsiyat (uzvhoi jinsi) musoidat mekunand. Az jonibi di-
gar boshad, ba markazhoi dakhldori magz tasir rasonida,
zaminai ravandhoi minbadjarayongirandai balogati
jinsiro ba vujud meovarad. Pas az tavallud dar asosi
nishonahoi zohiri jinsiyati rasmii kudak muayyan karda
meshavad. Faoliyati benuqsoni gadudhoi jinsi dar
davrai balogati jinsi boisi ba vujud omadani yak qator
tagyiroti morfologi va fiziologi megardand, ki nisho-
nahoi duyumdarajai jinsi nomida meshavand (baromadani
rishu muylab dar pisaron, damidani sinaho, hayzbini
dar dukhtaron va g.).
Kudak az ruzi tavallud bo muayyan shudani jinsiyati
rasmi ba munosibati khosi «dukhtarona» va yo «pisarona»
rubaru megardad, ki minbad ba muayyansozii mavqei
ijtimoi va khudshinosii jinsii u musoidat mekunad. Mu-
nosibati jamiyat va khususiyathoi tarbiya doimo ba kudak
talqin mekunand, ki kadom namudi raftor baroi u «ravo»
va kadomash «noravost». Hamin tavr naqshhoi jinsi va
dar zaminai onho tasavvurot dar borai khususiyathoi khosi
«mardona» va «zanona» shakl megirand, ki dar ilm bo no-
mi stereotiphoi maskulini (az lot. maskulinus-mardona)
va femini (az lot. feminus-zanona) mamuland.
Kudak allakay dar sinni 1,5 solagi ba kadom jins
taalluq doshtanashro mefahmad. Dar 3-4 – solagi jinsiyati
digaronro az rui alomathoi zohiri (masalan sarulibos)
muayyan mekunad. Dar 6-7 – solagi allakay tafovuti voqe-
ii jinsiyatro farq karda, kudak kushish mekunad, ki ba
meyorhoi muayyankardai jamiyat muvofiq boshad. Hamza-
mon ijroishi naqshhoi jinsi az jonibi kalonsolon nazo-
rat karda meshavad. Volidayn va atrofiyon pisarro (dukh-
tarro) baroi raftori maskulini (femini) tahsin va
baraks baroi raftori mukholif tanqid mekunand.
Dar tasavvuroti jamiyati zeri khususiyathoi «mardo-
na» odatan daleri, shujoat, jiddiyat, siyosat, faoli,
qatiyat va monandi inhoro mefahmand. Zeri khususiyathoi
zanona boshad, nazokat, mehruboni, khayrkhohi, hassosi,
nofaoli va gayra. In namunai khususiyathoi maskulini va
femini na hamesha dar voqeiyat tasdiqi khudro meyoband,
yane khususiyathoe, ki mardona hisobida meshavand, dar
zanho niz tashakkul meyoband va baraks. Az in ru, onhoro
tasavvuroti streotipi (az yun. stereos – ustuvor va tipos –
naqsh) yo shakhshuda menomand.
Hamin tavr, tafriqaguzorii khususiyathoi zanona va
mardona sharti buda, sarhadi aniqi farqkuni nadorand
va az omezishi onho yak nav tiphoi «mobayni» ba vujud
meoyand. Masalan, dar tasavvuroti omma az rui bahodihi
ba khususiyathoi jinsii raftor chahor tipi odamon farq
karda meshavand: mardi mardonakhislat, mardi zano-
nakhislat, zani mardonakhislat va zani zanonakhislat.
Boyad qayd namud, ki dar chunin zuhuroti khususiyathoi
baroi jinsi muqobil khos donistashavanda, ham omili
biologi (ikhtiloli funksiyahoi tarashshuhoti jinsi) va
ham omili ijtimoi (tarbiyai nodurust) naqsh dorand.
Savole ba miyon meoyad, ki farqiyati voqeii psikhikai
mardona va zanona dar chi ifoda meyobad? To chi andoza
nishondihandai in farqiyat buzurg ast?
Tahqiqotchiyoni amerikoi E.E.Makkobi va
K.N.Jeklin dar natijai tahlili tamomi tadqiqothoi to
solhoi 70-umi asri XX guzaronidashuda tanho chahor
farqiyati psikhologii jinshoro malum kardand: qobili-
yathoi mavqegiri dar vaziyat, qobiliyathoi matematiki,
malakahoi nutqi va agressiviyat. Muhaqqiqon ba khulosae
omadand, ki pisaron dar qobiliyathoi binoi-fazoi bar
dukhtaron afzaliyat dorand va qobiliyathoi matematikia-
shon niz balandtar ast. Dukhtaron boshand, dar qobili-
yathoi shifohi peshsafand va pisaron beshtar agressivi,
yane badkhashmand (E.E.Makkobi va K.N.Jeklin, 1974).