Home / Jamiyat / Innovatsiya dar nizomi rushdi iqtisodi va tasnifoti on

Innovatsiya dar nizomi rushdi iqtisodi va tasnifoti on

Natijai faoliyati innovatsioni mahsuloti zehni meboshad. Mahsuloti (molikiyati) zehni natijai faoliyati sohai istehsoloti manavi buda, baroi qonegardonii talabothoi (dar shakli moli va yo gayrimoli) istemolkunandagon tain shudaast.

Dar adabiyothoi vatani va khoriji mafhumhoi gunogun ba monandi «navovari», «navigari», «innovatsiya» va «navjorisozi» vomekhurand. Dar baze holatho in mafhumho hamchun sinonimho istifoda burda meshavand, ammo bayni onho farqiyathoi muayyan vujud dorand. «Navovari» chizi navi muayyanro tavsif medihad va ba hamin mano ba mafhumi «ikhtiroot» nazdik ast. «Navigari» -chun natijai mushakhkhasi azkhudkunii tekhnika va tekhnologiyahoi nav, usulhoi behtarkunii tashkil va idorakuni meboshad. «Innovatsiya» boshad natijai azkhudkunii (istifodabari) amali yo ilmi-tekhnikii navigariro mefahmonad.

innivation_idea

Mafhumi «innovatsiya» bo mazmuni khud ba istilohi «navovari», ki hamchun ravandi mukammali taraqqikunandai tavlid, jori, pahn va  istifoda kardani navigari, ki ba rushd va boloravii samaranokii faoliyati innovatsioni musoidat mekunad, fahmida meshavad. Inchunin, innovatsiyaro hamchun obekti dar natijai tadqiqoti ilmi yo ikhtiro ba dast ovardashuda arzyobi mekunand. Innovatsiya-natija, dastovarde, meboshad, ki az hammonandoni peshina sifatan farq doshta, dar istehsolot bomuvafaqqiyat jori shuda foida ovarda istodaast.

Istilohi «innovatsiya» dar iqtisodiyoti davrai guzarish baroi ifodai khususiyati innovatsioni va baroi ifodai yak qator mafhumhoi ba ham monand, az qabili «faoliyati innovatsioni», «menejmenti innovatsioni» va gayra istifoda megardad.

Mutobiqi sarchashmahoi ilmi chunin omadaast, ki mafhumi «jorisozi» nuskhai  tojikii kalimai  anglisii “inovation new dewelopment”«ba shumor meravad. Tarjumai tahtullafzii on az anglisi manoi «jori namudani chizi nav»-ro dorad. Tahti mafhumi navovari tartib yo nizomi nav, ananai nav, usuli nav, ikhtiroot, padidai nav fahmida meshavad. Iborai tojikii «jorisozi» aynan «darovardani navigari», yane jarayoni istifodabari az navigarihoro ifoda mekunad.

Dar faoliyati iqtisodii korkhona, tibqi jorishaviashon ifodahoi navigari, navovari, innovatsiya istifoda meshavand, ki onho ba hama malumand. Hamchunin navigari metavonad tartibi nav, usuli nav, ikhtirootro ifoda namoyad. Navovari ba manoi navigari az lahzai qabuli on arzi vujud menamoyad, hangomi pahn gardidani navigari on sifati navro ba khud girifta, ba innovatsiya mubaddal megardad. Har guna ikhtiroot, padidahoi nav, namudhoi khizmatrasoni yo usuli tashkili mehnat, vaqte, ki baroi tijorat-pahnkunoni (komersializatsiya) ba sifati nav arzi vujud menamoyand, mafhumi «innovatsiya»-ro ifoda menamoyand.

Mafhumi «navovari» az mafhumi «tekhnikai nav» vasetar ast, chunki mafhumi tekhnikai nav tanho oloti mehnat, mavodhoi nav va gayraro, ki dar istehsolot umuman istifoda meshavand, dar bar 16

megirad. Navovari boshad bo mahsulot yo khizmati nav, tarzi istehsoli on, navigari va hamaguna takomul, ki sarfai kharojotro tamin menamoyad, arzyobi karda meshavad.

Ba hamin tariq, bahodihii rushdi innovatsioni nishon medihad, ki tanho munosibati majmui ba tagyirdihii sokhtorii nizomi millii innovatsioni va tahiyai strategiyai rushdi innovatsioni bo nazardoshti talaboti voqeiyati davrai guzarish imkoniyat medihad, ki dushvoriho dar rohi rushdi innovatsionii iqtisodii mamlakat bartaraf karda shavand.

Mafhumhoi «peshravi» va «rushd» az nuqtai nazari tarikh on qadar barvaqt ne, tanho dar asri XVII paydo shudaand. Tagyiroti kulli dar fahmishi rushd dar natijai korhoi CH.Darvin ba vuqu payvastaand.

Rushd – in jarayoni hama guna tagyirothoest, ki dar zaminai voqeiyat ba amal meoyad va arzi vujud menamoyad. Har kadome az se jarayoni rushd-peshravanda, qaforavanda va tanazzulyobanda – hamchun tamoyuloti gunogun zohir meyoband. Binobar in tadqiqoti jarayonhoi mushakhkhasi rushd muayyan namudani tamoyuli bartaridoshtaro dar davrai muayyani vaqtu fazo taqozo mekunad.

Istilohi «rushd» ba peshravi shabohat dorad va kategoriyai falsafi donista meshavad, yane peshravi in kategoriyai sohai akhloq ast.

Rushdi ilmiyu tekhniki mafhumest, ki jarayonhoi ba hamdigar aloqamand va vobastabudai rushdi ilm, tatbiqi dastovardhoi on, inchunin takmili istehsolot va sohai khizmatrasoni dar zaminai istifodai dastovardhoi ilmu tekhnikaro dar bar megirad; on az jarayoni rushdi tadrijii ilm, tekhnika, istehsolot va sohai istemolot iborat meboshad.

Davrai «ilm-tekhnika – istehsolot» dar shakli mavjmonand amal mekunad, yane dar sathi jamiyat tavlidi nasli navi tekhnikayu tekhnologiyaro dar zaminai kashfiyothoi ilmi (nizomi donishhoi nav) va 17

tagyiroti sazovori hamai sohahoi istehsoloti jamiyati tatbiq menamoyad. Har yak andeshai mushakhkhas, kashfiyoti ilmi dar mahsuloti nav, tekhnika, tekhnologiya, khizmatrasoni ifodai moddii khudro yofta, dar majmu mazmuni kategoriyai «ravandi innovatsioni»-ro tashkil mekunad. Dar jarayoni paydoish va pahn shudani innovatsiya naqshi asosiro tabaqai sohibkoron mebozad. Vazifai asosii sohibkoron az on iborat ast, ki onho ba tatbiqi «muvaffaqiyathoi (kombinatsiyahoi) nav», shaklhoi navi istifodai zamin, mehnat va sarmoya musoidat mekunand.

Y.SHumpeter 5 holathoero zikr namudaast, ki dar onho mafhumi «kombinatsiyahoi nav» purra sharhu tafsir yoftaand,

  • omoda sokhtani nemathoi navi hanuz ba istemolkunandagon nomalum, yo khud tashkili sifatan navi in yo on nemat;
  • jori namudani usuli navi hanuz nomalumi istehsolot ba sohai sanoat, ki asosi onro ba tavri hatmi kashfiyoti ilmii nav tashkil mekunad va on metavonad, ki tarzi navi istifodai tijorati moli dakhldorro ifoda namoyad;
  • azkhudkunii bozori navi furush, chunin bozore, ki ba on to hol sohai mazkuri sanoat hanuz chize peshnihod nakardaast;
  • sohib shudan ba manbai navi ashyoi khom yo mahsuloti nimtayyor, novobasta az on ki in manba qablan vujud dosht yo khud dastnoras bud, yo onro hanuz tashkil namudan zarur ast;
  • guzaronidanu aznavtashkilkunii tamini vaziyati inhisori (monopoli) yo shikasti vazi inhisorii korkhonahoi digar.

Hamin tariq, az tadqiqoti Y. SHumpeter khususiyati tekhniki, iqtisodi va tashkili doshtani innovatsiyaro judo namudan zarur ast.

F.Valenta dar kitobi khud «Faolii ejodi – innovatsioni – samara»(1969) «innovatsiyaro»-ro hamchun tagyirot dar      sokhtori peshtarai organizmi istehsoli, yane ba holati nav guzashtani sokhtori dokhilii onro manidod mesozad. Ba aqidai B.Santo,  ravandi innovatsioni    – in chunin ravandi jamiyati-tekhniki-iqtisodie meboshad, ki on tavvassuti istifodai amalii goyaho, ikhtiroot ba tashkili masnuotu tekhnologiyahoi sifatan behtar ovarda merasonad.

L.S.Blyakhman nishon medihad, ki «navovari in takmili istehsolot, bo dar bar giriftani hamai unsurhoi on meboshad; oloti mehnat, predmeti mehnat, quvvai kori, mahsuli mehnat, inchunin usulhoi muttahidsozii in unsurho – tekhnologiyai istehsolot, tashkili istehsolot va mehnat, idorai istehsolot dar asosi moddikunonii donishhoi ilmi va hokazo, yane navovari natijai taraqqiyoti ilmiyu tekhniki yo ilmiyu istehsoli meboshad».

F.Nikson qayd mekunad, ki «innovatsiya – in majmui tadbirhoi tekhniki, istehsoli va tijorati meboshad, ki ba paydo shudani mahsuloti navi sanoatii behtar dar bozor va istifodai tijorati tekhnologiyaho va tajhizoti navu bekhtari istehsoli musoidat mekunad».

E.Mensfild innovatsiyaro hamchun jarayoni istifodai ikhtiroot barrasi karda, dar onho 5 davraro judo mekunad:

  • Tadqiqothoi amali;
  • Omoda namudani mahsuloti nav;
  • Tashkili hamshabeh (prototip) yo khud istehsoloti tajribavi;
  • Ikhtiro kardani tajhizot, omoda namudani tajhizoti istehsoli va binoho;
  • Ogozi istehsolot va ba bozor «barovardani mahsuloti nav».

Bo nazardoshti ravandhoi innovatsioni tasnifoti innovatsiya surat megirad. Vobasta ba nishondihandahoi tekhnologi innovatsiyahoro ba du guruh:-mahsuloti va jarayoni taqsim mekunand.

Az ruyi navhoyashon navovarihoi baroi bozor peshbinishavanda ba navhoi zerin taqsim meshavand:

  • navovarihoi jahoni;
  • navovarihoi milli;
  • navovarihoi mintaqavi;
  • navovarihoi juzi.

Az nuqtai nazari asliyati tagyirot navhoi zerini innovatsiyaro judo mekunand:

  • innovatsiyai asli (tajassumyofta-organiki);
  • innovatsiyai tajassumnayofta;
  • innovatsiyai strategi;
  • innovatsiyai jori.

Tasnifi innovatsiyaho, ki az tarafi K. Pevitt, U. Uolker va A. Ulmann peshnihod shudaast, chunin ast:

  • hamchun innovatsiyahoi ba istifodai donishhoi ilmii bunyodi asosyofta, ki natijai on dar sohahoi gunoguni faoliyati jamiyati ba tavri vase istifoda meshavad;
  • hamchun innovatsiyahoi bo istifoda az donishhoi tekhnikii allakay mavjudbudai barohmondashuda, inchunin innovatsiyahoi dar sohai mahdud istifoda shavanda;
  • hamchun innovatsiyahoi ba donishhoi ilmii bunyodi takyakunanda, vale sohai istifodai nihoyat mahduddoshta;
  • hamchun innovatsiyahoi ba muvofiqaovarandai navhoi gunoguni donishhoi allakay mavjudbuda dar yak mahsulot;
  • hamchun innovatsiyahoi az nigohi takhniki murakkab, ki hamchun natijai manfii barnomai ozodi tadqiqoti paydo shudaast.

A.I.Prigojin tasnifi nisbatan mukammalu hamatarafai innovatsiyaro peshnihod kardaast, ki inhoro dar bar megirad:

  • Az rui dakholat ba:
  • yagona;
  • diffuzi;
  • Az rui mavqe dar davrai istehsoli ba:
  • ashyoi khom;
  • taminkunanda (vobastakunanda);
  • mahsuloti;
  • Az rui qobili qabul budan ba:
  • ivazkunanda;
  • inkorkunanda;
  • bargardonanda;
  • kushoyanda;
  • retroshinosi;
  • Az rui farogirii hissai peshbinishudai bozor ba:
  • mahdudi;
  • sistemavi;
  • strategi;
  • Az rui iqtidori innovatsioni va darajai navgoni ba:
  • kulli;
  • kombinatori;
  • takmildihanda.

Dar asosi jambasti tajribai jahonii bahodihi ba navovariho az rui darajai omodagi baroi istifodabari dar tajribai khojagidori hamai innovatsiyahoi mavjudaro ba panj guruhi zerin taqsim namudan mumkin ast:

  1. tadqiqoti bunyodi va gustarishi;
  2. tadqiqoti amali;
  3. korhoi tajribaviyu loihakashi;
  4. innovatsiyahoi azkhudshavanda;
  5. innovatsiyahoi azkhudshuda.

Dar asosi tasnifoti az rui darajai omodagi baroi tatbiq, marhilai davrai arzi vujud namudan guzoshta shudaast, ki in ba sarmoyaguzori tasir merasonad.

Har qadare, ki darajai omodagii innovatsiya va tatbiq pasttar boshad, hamon qadar khavfi mablagguzorii onho beshtar ast. Hamin tavr, havasmandii korkhonaho baroi mablagguzori ba chunin loihaho niz kamtar megardad. Sokhtorhoi azimi tijorati tatbiqi innovatsiyahoi doroi darajai olii ahamiyati ba guruhi 3-5 dakhldoshtaro afzaltar mehisoband. Odatan, guruhi yakum az tarafi davlat va fondhoi makhsusi davlati, guruhi duyum az tarafi fondhoi mubtakiri mablagguzori meshavand.

Tajribai jahonii rushdi innovatsioni nishon medihad, ki hej yake az namudhoi dar tasnifoti bolo ovardashudai innovatsiya nametavonad dar alohidagi khususiyati markazi, muhim va behtarinro doshta boshad. Har yake az onho az rui mohiyati khud tanho tarafhoi muayyani innovatsiyaro hamchun padidai jamiyati sharhu tavsif va manidod karda, dar barobari in baroi darki on hamchun jarayon musoidat mekunad. YAne hamai onho muhimand. Tasnifoti mazkur ba hamdigar mukholif nabuda, az in yo on jihat yakdigarro mukammal megardonand. Dar markazi diqqati muhaqqiqon mushkilihoi gunoguni menejmenti innovatsioni joy giriftaand, va onho kushidaand, ki nazariyai yagonai jarayoni innovatsiyaho, khususan az ibtido to intiho (jamovarii goyaho – korhoi amali – istehsolot – istifodaro) ba vujud ovarand.

Dar boramon

222222222222222