Dar adabiyoti sohai iqtisodiyoti jahoni innovatsiya hamchun mubaddalshavii taraqqiyoti afzaliyatnoki ilmi-tekhniki darvoqe ba mahsulot va tekhnologiyai nav manidod megardad. Ba masalai tahlili ravandi innovatsioni dar kishvari mo dar davomi dah-ponzdah soli okhir ba tavri mustaqilona dar chorchubai tadqiqothoi iqtisodi ahamiyati zaruri doda nameshavad.
Korshinoson va muhaqiqon tibqi meyorhoi baynalkhalqi innovatsiyaro hamchun mahsulotu natijai nihoii faoliyati innovatsioni mehisoband, ki dar shakli mahsuloti nav yo takmilyoftai ba bozor barovardashuda zohir megardad, jarayoni nav yo takmilyoftai tekhnologiya, ki dar kori amali yo dar barkhurdi toza nisbat ba tashkili mehnat, istehsolot va idorakuni istifoda meshavad.
Innovatsiyaro metavon ham dar janbai inkishofu tagyiryobi va ham omori barrasi namud. Dar mavridi duyum innovatsiya, navovari hamchun natijai nihoii davrai ilmiyu istehsoli, innovatsioni va qonesozandai talaboti muayyani innovatsioni ifoda megardad.
Tahiya, jori sokhtan va istehsoli mahsuloti nav baroi korkhona hamchun vositai baland bardoshtani raqobatnoki va rafi vobastagii korkhona az nomutobiqi nakardani davrahoi hayotii mahsuloti istehsolshavanda ahamiyati muhim dorad. Dar sharoiti kununi aznavsozi mahsulot dar Jumhurii Tojikiston bo surati nisbatan sust jarayon megirad.
Menejmenti innovatsioniro boyad hamchun yake az samthoi idorakunii strategi barrasi namud. Maqsadu hadafi on muayyan namudani samthoi asosii faoliyati ilmi-tekhniki va istehsolii korkhona dar chunin sohahoi tahiya va jori namudani mahsuloti nav (faoliyati innovatsioni); aznavtajhizoni va takmili mahsuloti istehsolshavanda; rushdi minbadai istehsoli navhoi ananavii mahsulot; az istehsolot khorij namudani mahsuloti kuhna ba hisob meravad.
Menejmenti innovatsioni baroi jomeai ilmi va doirahoi sohibkorii kishvari mo mafhumi nisbatan nav ba hisob meravad. Dar ayni zamon kifoya nabudani faoliyati innovatsioni, ki ba tezonidani digargunsozihoi iqtisodi boyad musoidat namoyad, ehsos va mushohida meshavad. Ba ivazi yak shakl va usuli ifodai iqtisodi shakli digari on pesh meoyad. Binobar hamin, bo faoliyati innovatsioni majburand qarib hamai tashkilotho, hamai subekthoi bozor, muassisahoi davlati, shirkatho, korkhonahoi sohai tijoratii khurdu miyona, tashkilothoi tadqiqoti, muassisahoi moliyaviyu qarzi va gayraho mashgul shavand.
Istilohi innovatsiya ba tavri faolona dar iqtisodiyoti davrai guzarish qarordoshta, baroi ifodai khususiyati strategiyai innovatsioni va baroi ifodai yak qator mafhumhoi ba ham monand az qabili «faoliyati innovatsioni», «jarayoni innovatsioni», «qarori innovatsioni, «menejmenti innovatsioni istifoda buda meshud. Dar adabiyoti ilmi shumorai ziyodi nishonahoi bahodihii navhoi innovatsiya mavjud ast. Masalan, az rui mundarija yo sokhtori dokhili innovatsiyahoi tekhniki, iqtisodi, tashkili, idoravi va gayraro az ham judo menamoyand. CHunin nishonaho ba misli miqyosi innovatsioni (jahoni, mahalli); hududhoi davri hayoti (judo kardan va tahlili hamai davrayu darajaho va zerdavraho), qonuni budani ravandi jorisozi va gayra az hamdigar farq dorand.
Hanuz chande qabl, dar adabiyothoi makhsus va hujjathoi rasmi beshtar az hama mafhumhoi «idorai taraqqiyoti ilmi-tekhniki», «jori namudani dastovardhoi ilm va tekhnika dar istehsolot» va amsoli onho istifoda meshudand, ki baroi iqtisodi markazonidashuda khos bud. Dar sharoiti khojagidorii bozori, ki dar on tashkilotu korkhonahoi doroi mustaqiliyati purrai huquqi va iqtisodi faoliyat menamoyand, dar mavridi jori namudani chize sukhan ham nameravad. Bo chunin yak tafovuti jiddi farq doshtani mazmunu mafhumhoi alohida dar sohai menejmenti innovatsioni, jarayoni innovatsioni, rushdi innovatsioni sharh doda meshavad.
Mutobiqi sarchashmaho chunin omadaast, ki mafhumi «jorisozi» nuskhai tojikii kalimai anglisii «innovation new development» ba shumor meravad. Tarjumai tahtullafzii on az anglisi manoi «jori namudani chizi navtarin»-ro dorad. Tahti mafhumi navovari, tartibu nizomi nav, ananai nav, usuli nav, ikhtiroot, padidai nav fahmida meshavad. Iborai tojikii «jorisozi» aynan «darovardani navigari», yane jarayoni istifodabari az navigarihoro ifoda mesozad.
Dar amal az lahzahoi qabul gardidani kalimai nav ba khud sifati toza (nav)-ro girifta – innovatsioni (innovatsiya) meshavad. Jarayoni innovatsioni dar bozor hamchun ravandi tijoratikunoni (kammertsializatsiya), davrai zamoni bayni paydoishi taklifi navovarona va ba innovatsiya mubaddal gardidani on boshad, bo nomi navi innovatsioni qabul shudaast.
Dar zindagii harruza, tibqi jorishaviashon ifodahoi navigari, novatsiya, navovari, innovatsiya istifoda meshavand, ki onho ba ham nazdikand. Hamchun navigari metavonad tartibi nav, usuli nav, ikhtirootro ifoda namoyad. Navovari bo manoi navigari az lahzai qabuli on arzi vujud menamoyad, hangomi pahn gardidani navigari on sifati navro ba khud girifta, ba innovatsiya mubaddal megardad. Harguna ikhtiroot, padidahoi nav, namudhoi khizmatrasoniho yo usuli tashkili mehnat, vaqte ki baroi tijorat pahnkunoni, (kommertsializatsiya) ba sifati nav arzi vujud menamoyand, onho mafhumi innovatsiya-ro ifoda menamoyand.
Mafhumi «menejment» dar rohi idorai samaranoki tashkilot manoi mahorati kasbi yo hatto sanatro dorad. Menejment – in majmui meyorho, shaklho, usulho, rohho va vositahoi idorai istehsolot va hayati shakhsii istehsoli dar yakjoyagi istifodabarii komyobihoi ilmiro ifoda mekunad.
Omilhoi iqtisodi, tashkiliyu idoravi, huquqi, ijtimoiyu ravoni, ki ba jarayoni innovatsioni va ba shaklhoi samaranoki tashkili in jarayon tasir merasonand, mohiyati menejmenti innovatsioniro muayyan mesozand.
Dar adabiyoti ilmi va metodi miqdori kofii nuskhahoi sharhi menejmenti innovatsioni peshnihod shudaand, ki tavajjuhro ba in va yo on janbai in ravandi murakkabi idora jalb menamoyand.
Menejmenti innovatsioni – in idorai istifodabarii amalii natijai ilmi, ilmi-tekhniki va iqtidori zehni (intellektuali) bo maqsadi daryofti natijai nihoii faoliyati innovatsioni va qonesozii talaboti bozor ba hisob meravad.
Menejmenti innovatsioni – in iqtisodiyot va idorai barposozi, azkhudkuni va jobajoguzorii mahsuloti nav dar sharoiti bozor bo maqsadi daryofti harchi zudtari foida ast.
Menejmenti innovatsioni – in idorai tijoratkunonii donishhoi nav, talimot, mahorat, malaka, tajribai istehsoli va tashkili (nou- khau) ba shumor meravad. Ba hamin tariq, menejmenti innovatsioni – in majmui meyorho, usulho va shaklhoi idorai faoliyati innovatsioni, ravandi innovatsioni, imkoniyathoi innovatsionii korkhona va tashkilotho meboshad.
Paydoishi menejmenti innovatsioni hamchun amri hayoti ba shumor meravad. Ravandi innovatsioni, tabdilyobii onho ba mahsuloti nav va tekhnikai nav, shaklhoi navi tashkili istehsolot va idora, asosi sathi iqtisodi bahisob meravad.
Ravandhoi muosiri innovatsioni khele murakkab ast. Baroi iqtisodiyoti bozori raqobati shirkathoi mustaqil, aloqamandi ba istehsoli mahsulot, mavjudiyati bozori navovarihoi raqobatkunanda khos ast.
Menejmenti innovatsioni – yake az samthoi idorakunii strategi ba shumor meravad, ki dar sathi balandi rohbarii korkhona amali megardad. Hadafi on muayyan namudani samthoi asosii faoliyati ilmi-tekhnologi va istehsolii korkhonaho dar sohahoi zerin ba hisob meravad, istehsol va jori namudani mahsuloti nav; usulhoi istehsolot; istifodai nou-khau (faoliyati innovatsioni); aznavsozi va takmili mahsuloti istehsolshavanda; rushdi minbadai istehsoli namudhoi navi ananavii mahsulot; az istehsolot berun sokhtani mahsuloti kuhna.
Tatbiqi usuli innovatsioni dar korkhona ba tavri umumi inhoro taqozo mekunad:
- tartib dodani naqsha va barnomahoi faoliyati innovatsioni;
- mushohidai (va yo nazorati) jarayoni barovardani mahsuloti nav va jori namudani on;
- barrasii loihahoi istehsoli mahsuloti nav;
- peshburdi siyosati yagonai innovatsioni;
- hamohangsozii faoliyat dar vohidhoi istehsoli;
- taminoti barnomahoi faoliyati innovatsioni bo zakhirahoi moliyavi va moddi;
- tamini faoliyati innovatsioni bo hayati shakhsii balandikhtisos;
- tashkili guruhhoi maqsadnok bahri khalli majmui masalahoi innovatsioni az andesha to istehsoli mahsuloti guruhi;
- tamini ittilootii faoliyati innovatsioni.
Tahlili mafhumhoi gunoguni menejmenti innovatsioni ba chunin khulosa meorad, ki mazmuni khosi innovatsiyaro tagyirotho tashkil medihand, vazifai asosii faoliyati innovatsioni boshad, muqarrar namudani tagyirotho va istifodai natijahoi innovatsioni ba hisob meravad.
Mutobiqi meyorhoi baynalkhalqi, innovatsiya hamchun natijai nihoii faoliyathoi innovatsioni buda, dar mahsuloti nav va yo takmilyofta zohir megardad, yane dar bozor jori namudani ravandi nav yo takmilyoftai tekhnologi, ki dar faoliyati amali, yo in ki dar barkhurdi nav nisbat ba tashkili mehnat, ravandi istehsolot va idora tatbiq megardad.
Istilohoti «innovatsioni» va «ravandhoi innovatsioni» ba hamdigar nazdikand, vale manoi yagona nadorand. Ravandhoi innovatsioni bo zamina, azkhudsozi va tarqibi innovatsioni aloqamand ast. Bunyodguzoroni innovatsiya chunin meyorhoro, ba misli davri hayotii masnuot va samaranokii iqtisodiro rohnamo qaror medihand. Dar ayni zamon, strategiyai innovatsioni ba on ravona shudaast, ki az raqibon boyad peshtar guzasht, navigarie ejod kard, ki dar yak sohai muayyan nodir etirof karda shavad.
Ba hamin tariq, boyad qayd kard, ki natijai innovatsiya boyad dar yakjoyagi bo ravandi innovatsioni barrasi namud. Ba innovatsiya se khususiyat khos ast:1) navigarii ilmi-tekhniki; 2) dar istehsolot mavridi istifoda qaror giriftan; 3) imkoniyati kharidu furush, tijoratikunonii on.
Jambai tijoratkunonii innovatsiya onro hamchun zaruriyati iqtisodi, ba vositai talaboti bozor darkshuda, yane ba vositai qonesozii talaboti innovatsioni muayyan mesozad.
Binobar hamin innovatsiyai ilmi-tekhniki boyad:
- doroi navovari boshad;
- talaboti bozorro qone gardonad;
- ba istehsolkunanda foida biovarad.
Moli doroi khususiyati navro, ki ba istehsol va furushi on kushish ba kharj doda meshavad, odatan moli nav menomand. YAne moli nav boyad doroi sifati nav boshad. Takmili oddii masnuoti mavjuda ba in dokhil nameshavad.
Faoliyati innovatsioni, qismi tarkibii faoliyati marketingii korkhonaro tashkil medihad, khususan on ba korkhonahoe taalluq dorad, ki ba istehsoli mahsuloti ba ilm aloqamandbuda mashguland.
Dar siyosati innovatsioni az hama muhim – rasidan ba hadafi asosii korhoi ilmi-tadqiqoti va tajribaviyu naqshakashi, muayyan namudani muhlati barguzorii onho, bahodihi ba natijaho bo hadafhoi mushakhkhasi amali, kam kardani muhlati ravandi innovatsioni, bahisobgirii kharojoti istehsoloti samaranok va jorisozii mahsuloti nav ba shumor meravand.
Siyosati daqiq dar sohai ejodu ikhtiroi mahsuloti nav samti jamovarii ittiloot va tahiyai taklifhoro muayyan mesozad, ki on ba justujui qoteonai imkoniyathoi nav baroi faoliyati guruhhoi tadqiqoti sabab megardad.
Davrahoi asosii ravandi innovatsioni az inho iboratand:
Davrai 1. Ba nizom darovardani andeshahoi voridshavanda.
Davrai 2. Intikhobi andeshahoi muayyanshuda va amalisozii andeshai mahsuloti nav.
Davrai 3. Tahlili samaranokii iqtisodii mahsuloti nav, tartib dodani barnomai marketingi.
Davrai 4. Ejodi (ikhtiroi) mahsuloti nav.
Davrai 5. Guzaronidani ozmoish dar bozor.
Davrai 6. Qabuli qaror dar borai jori namudani masnuoti nav dar istehsolot (ba tavri farovon, ba tavri guruhi) dar asosi barnomai marketingi az rui mahsulot.
Ba sifati meyori muhim dar barnomai marketingi baroi mahsuloti nav bahri amali namudani maqsadhoi korkhona inho istifoda meshavad:
- hajmi furushi masnuoti nav;
- tagyirot dar savdoi molhoi digar;
- bahodihi zamoni ba dast ovardani foida dar istehsoli moli nav.
Agar masnuotu mahsuloti nav az nigohi tekhnologi ba moli istehsolshavanda nazdik boshad, on imkon medihad, ki az iqtidorhoi mavjudai shirkat istifoda barad va ba hamin tariq, samaranokii onho baland bardoshta shavand.
Ikhtiro va dar istehsolot jori namudani mahsuloti nav baroi korkhona hamchun vositai baland bardoshtani sathi raqobatnoki va bartaraf namudani vobastagii on az mutobiqsozii davrahoi ba vujudorii mahsuloti istehsolshavanda ahamiyati muayyane dorad. Dar sharoiti imruza aznavsokhtan yo tajdidi mahsulot va davrai ba vujudomadani mahsulot bosurat idoma dorad.
Baroi bahodihii innovatsioni on chiz muhim ast, ki talaboti jamiyati ba mahsuloti istehsoli va istifodashavanda tadrijan tagyir meyobad. Navhoi navi mahsulot ba kuhnashavii masnuote, ki to hol az nuqtai nazari tekhnikiyu iqtisodi peshqadam hisobida meshudand, ovarda merasonand. Tagyiryobii talaboti innovatsioni va tadbirhoi dakhldori amalisozii onro metavon ba istiloh davri hayotii mahsulot nomid. Davri ba vujudomadani mahsulot tagyiroti miqdorii talabotro ba mahsuloti azkhudkardashuda va istehsolshavanda ifoda menamoyad.Azrui qoida davrai nohamvori ba vujudoii mahsulot tasavvuroti zerinro ba vujud meorad:
- jori namudani mahsulot dar sohai istemolot;
- rushdi istehsolot dar muvofiqat bo talaboti afzoyanda;
- rasidagii mahsulot;
- qonesozii talabot;
- kam kardani istemolot dar zeri tasiri baland bardoshtani talabot nisbat ba mahsulot va imkoniyati qone sokhtani talabot bo mahsuloti digar (dar natijai innovatsioni).
Intikhobi strategiyai muvaffaqiyatnoki faoliyati innovatsioni, juzi tarkibii muhimi davrai menejmenti innovatsioni ba hisob meravad.
Dar ayni zamon, strategiyaro metavon hamchun ravandi qabuli qaror muayyan namud. On majmui amalhoi ba ham aloqamandro ifoda mekunad, ki on ba tamini idorai arzi hasti kardan, raqobatnoki va iqtidori korkhona nigaronida shudaast. Beshtari korkhonaho zaruriyati banaqshagirii strategiro etirof namuda, sharoitro baroi ba tavri samaranok jori namudani on faroham meorand. Banaqshagirii strategi du hadafi asosiro dar bar megirad:
- Taqsim va istifodai samaranoki zakhiraho;
- Muvofiqshavi ba muhiti beruni.
In hadafho dar yakjoyagi bo vazifahoi umumii tashkilot:
- samthoi asosii faoliyati korkhona;
- talabot ba kor dar muhiti beruna (talaboti savdo, munosibat nisbat ba istemolkunanda, jori namudani aloqahoi kori);
- madaniyati tashkil, ananahoi on, fazoi koriro ba vujud meorand.
Hangomi intikhobi hadaf boyad du jambaro ba nazar girift- mushtarii korkhona kist va kadom ehtiyojhoro on qone karda metavonad. Pas az muayyan namudani maqsadi umumi davrai duyumi banaqshagirii strategi amali megardad, ki baroi mushakhkhas sokhtani maqsad nigaronida shudaast.
Ravandi tagyiri muhiti beruna ba tashkili faoliyati korkhona hamchun tasiri hayotan muhim ba nazar merasad. Iqtisodiyot, siyosat, bozor, tekhnologiya, raqobat omilhoi asosii muhiti berunii tashkili idorai loihai tadqiqoti ba hisob meravand, ki dar khud qismi tarkibii muhimi menejmenti innovatsioniro ifoda menamoyand. YAke az shaklhoi loihai innovatsioni, loihahoi tadqiqoti ba hisob meravand. Tahti unvoni loihai innovatsioni naqshai tartibdodashudai tadqiqot va ikhtiroote fahmida meshavad, ki baroi halli vazifahoi nazariyavi va amalii ruzmarra ravona karda shudaast, ki ahamiyati ijtimoi-farhangi, tashkili-khojagidori va siyosi dorand. Dar loihahoi innovatsioii tadqiqoti qarorhoi az nigohi ilmi asosnoki tekhniki, iqtisodi, tashkili yo tekhnologi ifoda megardand. Dar in jo intikhobi samthoi afzaliyatnoki tadqiqot va ikhtiroot dar siyosati ilmi-tekhnikii davlati naqshi muhimero bozida metavonand.
Idorai loiha khususiyathoi khos va murakkabihoi khudro dorad. Guruhi kori, ki baroi tatbiqi loiha tashkil karda meshavad, vazifahoi navero hal mekunad, ki onho az vazifahoi dar nazdi vohidhoi mavjudai faoliyatkunanda istoda farq mekunand.
Odatan, rohbaron guruhhoi hamohangsozandaero tashkil mekunand, ki ba vazifahoi onho halli masalahoi zerin dokhil meshavand;
- muayyan namudani hadaf;
- taini rohbaroni guruhhoi kori;
- tashkili guruhhoi kori;
- vazifaguzori;
- nazorati ijroi loiha;
- qabuli qaror dar borai idoma dodani kor az ruyi loiha;
- parokandasozii guruhi kori.
Boyad dar nazar dosht, ki loiha dar tashkili kor naqshi halkunandaro mebozad. Binobar in, az rui khususiyathoi shakhsi, mahorat va vakolathoyash boyad rohbariyati guruhi hamohangsozanda dar nazdi rohbaroni vohidhoi faoliyatkunanda obruyu etibor doshta boshad va hayati shakhsiro idora karda tavonad.
Ba vositai makhsusi idorai loiha inho dokhil meshavand:
- Muayyan namudani masala va vazifaguzori;
- Muqarrar namudani marhilahoi mobayni.
Dar davrahoi ijroi loiha qarorhoi mushakhkhasi zerin boyad qabul karda shavand:
- Qaror doir ba idoma dodan va yo sahehsozi;
- Qaror dar borai daqiq sokhtani marhila yo davrai nihoi;
- Qaror oid ba shakli ba poyon rasonidani davrai nihoi.
Taqsimi loihaho ba davraho ba kori tanzimu ba sistema darovardani ijroishi onho va anjomi monitoringi tatbiqi loiha imkon medihad.
Idorai tadqiqothoi ilmi va naqshaho dar sharoiti doimo tagyiryobanda surat megirad. On zaruriyati takmili hameshagii barnomahoi tatbiqi va loihahoi innovatsioniro ba miyon meorad. Dar ayni zamon, dar har lahza metavonad mushkilihoi gayriananavii ilmi-tekhniki va yo tashkili ba vujud oyad va kor bozdoshta shavad.
Samaranokii tatbiqi loihai innovatsioni dar bozor oshkor megardad. On az on vobasta khohad bud, ki hangomi muayyan namudani maqsad to kadom andoza talabotiinnovatsionii bozor ba inobat girifta shudaast.
Hususiyathoi asosii holati bozor metavonad dar se andozai ba ham aloqamandi tagyiroti bozor-narkhi imkonpazir, talabot ba samaranokii tekhniki va vaqt ifoda gardad.
Natijahoi faoliyati innovasioni dar bozori dokhiliyu khoriji metavonad bo rohi intiqoli donishhoi ilmi-tekhniki, malaka, tajriba va nou-khau baroi rasonidani khizmathoi ilmi-tekhniki, tekhnologi, ittilooti va tekhnologiyai nav ifoda gardand.
Intiqoli tekhnologiya, metavonad dar bozor surat girad. Istemolkunandagon baroi qone sokhtani talaboti innovatsionii khesh, innovatsiyai darkorii ilmi-tekhnikiro paydo mekunand. Baromad ba bozori tekhnologiya az samaranokii faoliyati innovatsioni va qobili hayot budanu raqobatpazirii ravandi innovatsioni guvohi medihad.