Magzcha

dar qismi pushti sar, zeri hissai aqibi
nimkurrahoi kaloni magzi pesh mavqe dorad. Az yagon
qismati badan ba magzcha bevosita nakhhoi (rohhoi) asabi
vorid namegardand, vale az on ba harommagz, magzi daro-
zruya va markazhoi zeriqishrii nimkurrahoi kalon nakhhoi
asabi kashida shudaand. Sokhtori in qismati magzi sar
nihoyat murakkab buda az hissaho va qismhoi bargshakli
ziyode iborat ast.

Magzcha asosan koordinatsiyai raftorro ba tanzim
medarorad. Magzchai odam dar muqoisa bo hayvonot hissai
ziyodtari hajmi umumii magzi sarro tashkil medihad, ki
az rostqomati va murakkabii harakathoi u barmeoyad. Dar
navzodi odam tanosubi vazni magzcha bar vazni umumii
magz ¹/17 ast, dar odami bolig boshad, in tanosub ba ¹/9 me-
rasad. Ziyodshavii vazni magzcha bo murakkabshavii hara-
kathoi kudak mutanosib ast. Muayyan shudaast, ki har yak
hissai magzcha harakati qismi muayyani badanro idora me-
kunad va darajai inkishofi on bo murakkabii in hara-
katho muvofiqat mekunad. Masalan, dar zarofa hamon
hissai magzcha inkishof yoftaast, ki harakati dumro
tamin mekunad, va dar odam boshad, on hissae, ki tano-
subi harakati dastu poyhoro idora mekunad.

Funksiyahoi magzcharo asosan tavassuti amaliyoti
jarrohi oshkor mekunand. Dur kardan yo az faoliyat boz
doshtani in uzv asosan 4 namud tagyirotro ba vujud
meovarad, ki bevosita bo tanzimi harakat aloqamandand:
a) tagyiri shiddati mushaki (atoniya); b) Hastagi va
beholi (asteniya); v) harakati larzishnoki dastu poy va sar
(astaziya); g) vayronshavii koordinatsiyai harakat (atak-
siya).

Magzi pesh qismi javontarin va kalontarini si-
stemai asab meboshad. On hamchunin qismi vaznintarini
SMA ba shumor meravad. Harommagz taqriban 2% – i vaz-
ni umumii SMA, magzcha qarib 10%, sokhtorhoi magzi da-
rozruya, magzi miyona va magzi mobayni dar yakjoyagi 6% – i
onro tashkil medihad. Boqimonda, yane ⁵/6 hissai vazni
qismi markazii sistemai asab ba magzi pesh yo nimkur-
rahoi kaloni magzi sar rost meoyad.

Magzi peshro vobasta ba sokhtori dupallagiash ba
du nimkurrai kalon: nimkurrai rost va nimkurrai chap
judo mekunand. In nimkurraho az mobayn ba du pahlui
kovokii kosakhonai sar ba tavri simmetri joygir shuda-
and va az mobayn onhoro juyai amiq judo mekunad.

Sathi berunii nimkurraho bo shash qabati
hujayrahoi asabi, ki gafsii umumiashon ba yakchand mil-
limetr merasad, pushonida shudaast. In qabat, ki ziyoda az
14 milliard hujayrahoi asabiro muttahid namuda, rangi
khokistari dorad – kishrch magzi sar nomida meshavad.

Qishri magzi sar muhimtarin uzvi faoliyati psi-
khiki meboshad. Masohati on 1000 -1200 va goho 2000 sm² –
ro tashkil medihad, vale tanho ¹/3 hissai on ayon buda,
boqimondaash dar shakli chinho va juyakho arzi vujud do-
rand.

Sathi nimkurrahoi kaloni magzi sarro vobasta ba
mahdudshavii funksiyahoi psikhiki ba chahor hissa judo
mekunand: hissai pesh (peshona), aqib (pasi sar), miyona
(farqi sar) va poeni (chakkai sar).

Ba hissaho va qismatho judo namudani pustlokhi
nimkurrahoi kaloni magzi sar (qishr) va umuman khudi
magz chunin mano nadorad, ki funksiyai alohidai psi-
khiki bevosita va tanho az jonibi yake az in qismatho ido-
ra karda meshuda boshad. Faoliyati funksionalii magzi
sar tavre ba roh monda shudaast, ki har yak zuhuroti hayoti
psikhiki bo faoliyati yakchand qismathoi magz dar yakjoyagi
aloqamand ast. Vale bo vujudi in muqarrar karda shuda-
ast, ki mintaqahoi muayyani magzi sar dar amaligardii
funksiyahoi alohidai psikhiki ahamiyati beshtar dorand.
Masalan, qismati boloii hissai peshi nimkurraho, ki ba
juyaki mobaynii magz nazdik ast, harakati uzvhoi
alohidai organizm va tanosubi onhoro idora menamoyad.
In qismat mintaqai motori yo harakatii magz nom gi-
iriftaast, qabuli akhbor yo ehsos boshad, beshtar bo
faoliyati qismhoi aqibi magz aloqamand ast.

CHunin shakli faoliyati funksionalii magz dar
asimmetriya yo nomutanosibii kori nimkurrahoi chapu ro-
sti magzi sar ravshantar ayon megardand. Nomutanosibii
kori nimkurraho dar on ifoda meyobad, ki darajai
faoli va ahamiyatnoki onho dar ijroi in yo on funksiya
mukhtalif ast. Honish, hisob umuman tamomi amaliyote, ki
bo yorii alomatho (kalimaho, ramzho, raqamho) ijro karda
meshavad, funksiyai nimkurrai chap meboshand. Nimkurrai
rost boshad akhboroti obraziro korkard menamoyad,
mavqegiriro dar muhit, idroki musiqi, munosibati
emotsionaliro ba obekthoi idrokshuda va fahmidashuda
tamin menamoyad.

Agar funksiyai nimkurrai rost vayron gardida,
faqat nimkurrai chap kor kunad, dar odam qobiliyathoi
nutqi, khondanu navishtan, tafakkuri abstrakti, halli
masalahoi matematiki boqi memonand. Odam to andozae
«sergap» niz meshavad, vale nutqi u emotsiyanokiashro gum
mekunad. U bo vujudi shunavo budan, sadoi odami shinos,
ovozi mardonayu zanona, sadohoi gayrizaboni (sadoi
mavj, bod, gijirosi charkhi moshin va g.) – ro farq nameku-
nad.

Baraks, agar nimkurrai chap illat yofta, tanho nim-
kurrai rost faoliyat kunad, dar odam pesh az hama qobi-
liyathoi nutqi khalal meyoband. CHunin odam ashyohoi guno-
gunro meshinosad, istifodai onro dar yod dorad, vale no-
mashro faromush mekunad. Vay musiqiro ehsos mekunad,
ovozhoro az rui ohangu sado va emotsiyanokiashon farq
menamoyad vale tafakkuri abstrakti gum meshavad.

Odami «rostnimkurra» olamro bo tamomi ganovat
va gunogunrangiash dark mekunad, vale baroyash tahlili
taasuroti khud, muayyan namudani aloqai bayni ashyovu
hodisoti alohida gayriimkon ast. Odami «chapnimkurra»
boshad, qobiliyati tahlil va jambaskuni dorad, ammo az
sababi sust budani idroki obraziash baroi vay mavodi
ibtidoie, ki ba tahlil va jambastkuni niyoz doshta
boshad, namerasad, yane mavode nameyobad, ki tahlilu
jambast namoyad.

Faoliyati funksionalii qishri magzi sar nihoyat
murakkab ast. Funksiyahoi psikhiki dar sathi on nomunta-
zam va nobarobar taqsim shudaand. To kunun talimoti
mukammal dar borai qonuniyathoi faoliyati qishr vujud
nadorad. Baroi omuzishi funksiyai qismhoi alohidai
qishr yakchand usulhoro istifoda mebarand: 1) burida gi-
riftan yo qat kardani faoliyati qitai qishr; 2) usuli
rasonidani angezishi barqi; 3) omuzishi biotokhoi magz;
4) usuli mushhidai kliniki.

Ba gayr az magzi sar va harommagz tamomi
sokhtorhoi digari sistemai asabi odam ba qismi kanorii
on shomiland. Dar tarkibi sistemai asabi kanori siste-
mahoi asabi vegetativi va somatikiro judo mekunand. Va-
zifai nakhhoi sistemai asabi vegetativi (az lot. vegetasio
– hayajonbakhsh, faolkunanda) tamini faolyati uzvhoi
dokhili va tanzimi mubodilai moddaho meboshad. Siste-
mai vegetativi az nakhhoi asabii simpatiki va parasim-
patiki tarkib yoftaast. Tasiri in du namudi nakhhoi
asabi ba faoliyati uzvhoi dokhili odatan mukholifi
yakdigar ast. Masalan, agar nakhhoi asabii parasimpatiki
ba faoliyati dil tasiri bozdoranda rasonand, pas
nakhhoi asabii simpatiki baraks, onro faol megardo-
nand. Agar asabhoi parasimpatiki harakati rudahoro
faol gardonad, pas asabhoi simpatiki ba on tasiri
khomushkunanda merasonand. Nakhhoi sistemai asabi soma-
tiki (az yun. soma – tana, jism) boshad, hassosii uzvhoi or-
ganizmro tamin mekunand. In sistema az retseptorho
(nughoi asabi) va nakhhoi asabie iborat ast, ki ba tamomi
uzvho va boftahoi organizm (ba gayr az muy va nokhun)
pahn gardidaand.

Retseptorho sokhtorhoi makhsusi asabi meboshand, ki
baroi kabuli namudhoi gunoguni energiya (mekhaniki, elek-
tromagniti, khimiyavi va gayra) va bargardonidani onho ba
impulshoi asabi khizmat mekunand.

Retseptorhoi gunogun tamomi sokhtorhoi organizm,
chi uzvhoi daruni va chi sathi pustro faro giriftaand va
ba qabuli shaklhoi mukhtalifi energiya mutobiq shudaand.

Vobasta ba qabuli shakli shakli muayyani energiyai
muhit retseptorhoro ba namudho judo mekunand. Az jum-
la: fotoretseptorho, ki ba qabuli fotonho (zarrahoi
rushnoi) mutobiq gardida dar chashm joygirand; fonoret-
septorho, ki tasiroti sadoiro qabul namuda, dar gush
joygirand; termoretseptorho, ki baroi qabuli tasiroti
harorati matobiq shuda, dar pust va uzvhoi dokhili mavqe
giriftaand; mekhanoretseptorho, ki tasiroti mekhaniki-
ro qabul mekunand va dar pustu mushakho joy giriftaand;
baroretseptorho, ki ba qabuli fishor mutobiq shuda, dar
sathi berunii badan, uzvhoi dokhili, az jumla devorai
ragho joygirand. Hamchunin tangoretseptorho baroi
qabuli tasiroti rasish, gustoretseptorho, mutobiq ba
qabuli maza, stiboretseptorho, mutobiq ba qabuli tasi-
roti buyi farq karda meshavand. Qabuli tasiroti
favqulodda va purquvvat, ki ehsosi dardro ba vujud

meovarad, ba hama retseptorho khos ast. Retseptorhoi makh-
susgardonidashuda dar chashm, gush, sathi pust, zabon va
sathi dokhilii bini joy giriftaand va uzvhoi hissiro ba
vujud ovardaand. Nakhhoi asabi asosan baroi intiqoli
akhbor az uzvhoi kanori ba markazi sistemai asab va
baraks, az sistemai markazii asab ba effektorho, yane
uzvhoi harakati (mushakho) khidmat mekunand. On nakhhoi
asabiro, ki impulshoi asabiro az retseptorho ba siste-
mai markazii asab merasonand, nakhhoi asabii afferenti
yo markazshitob menomand. Nakhhoi asabie, ki samti baraks
dorand, yane impulshoi asabiro az sistemai markazii
asab ba uzvhoi harakatkunanda merasonand, nakhhoi asabii
efferenti yo markazgurez nomida meshavand. Nakhhoi asa-
bii afferenti va efferentiro vobasta ba khususiyathoi
funksiyahoi onho muvofiqan nakhhoi asabii khabardihanda
va harakatdihanda (efektori) niz nom mebarand.