Toj.su
Predmet, metod va vazifahoi psikho-
logiya dar davrai avvali mu-
staqilshavii on ba digargunihoi zi-
yode duchor omad. Ananahoi
V.Vundtro psikhologi amerikoi
E.Titchener davom dod. U dar universiteti Korneli IMA
kor mekard. U chun V.Vundt predmeti psikhologiyaro dar
tajribai bevosita medid. Nomi raviyai ilmii E.Titchener
psikhologiyai strukturi bud, ki barkhilofi psikhologiyai
funksionali amal mekard. Muvofiqi andeshai u, psikho-
logiya boyad strukturaro, yane materiyai shuurro hamchun
majmui unsurhoi alohida omuzad, ki ba tahlil doda
nameshavand. SHuur olami makhsusi botini buda, ba on
tanho bo metodi introspeksiyai analitiki vorid shudan
mumkin ast. E.Titchener ba sifati unsurhoi avvalini
shuur chunin hodisahoro judo menamoyad: ehsos, obrazho va
hissiyot. Ehsos doroi sifat, intensivi, aniqiyu ravshani
va darozmuddati meboshad va nihoyat onho unsurhoi idro-
kro niz tashkil medihand. Obrazho – in soya, osori
ehsoshoi peshinaand. Onho unsurhoi muhimi tasavvuroti
khotir va khayol meboshand. Hissiyot – in muhabbat va naf-
rat, shodi va gam ast, ki doroi sifat, intensivi va da-
rozmuddati ast. Onho unsurhoi harakathoi ruhi ba hisob
meravand. Vazifai psikholog az on iborat ast, ki in
unsurhoro bo vositai ekspriment tadqiq kunad, zero on
malumothoi metodi khudmushohidakuniro ravshan mena-
moyad.
Faylasuf va psikhologi avstriyagi F.Brentano (1838-
1917) barnomaero peshnihod namud, ki ba psikhologiyai as-
sotsiativi muqobil bud. Dar kitobi khud «Psikhologiya az
nuqtai nazari empiriki» (1874) meovarad, ki predmeti
psikhologiya boyad shuur boshad. Ba qavli u, sohai psikholo-
giyaro na mazmunu mundarajai shuur (ehsos, idrok, fikr,
hissiyot), balki amalhoi psikhikii on tashkil medihand, az
qabili didan, shunidan, muhokima namudan va g. In
amalho bevosita mazmuni shuurro oshkor mesozand.
Amalho on vaqt bemanoand, ki agar ba obekt ravona
nashavand. Az in khotir, tavsifdihandai asosii in amalho
raviyai predmeti doshtani onho mahsub meyobad. Brentano
F. se masalai asosiro dar psikhologiyai shuur muhim do-
nistaast: predmeti budan, faoli va yagonagi. Makhsusiyati
hodisahoi psikhikiro hamin jihatho tavsif medihand.
Muborizahoi fikrie, ki dar doirai masalai shuur
ba amal omada budand, nishon dodand, ki hamai onho mu-
nosibati yaktarafa zohir namudaand va az in khotir mohi-
yati onro ba tavri komil oshkor karda natavonistaand.
In ast. ki dar ibtidoi asri HH psikhologiya ba buhroni
kushod giriftor shud.
Psikhologiya dar Rusiyai toinqilobi tabiati ideali-
stiro dosht va on dar donishgohho talim doda meshud.
Afkori psikhologi dar sahifahoi majallai makhsusi
«Masalahoi falsafi va psikhologi» inikosi khudro
paydo menamudand.
YAke az psikhologhoi varzida A.M.Vvedenskiy (1856-
1925) bud. Ba andeshai u, psikhologiya boyad hodisahoi
ruhiro, na masalahoi falsafi – metafizikiro omuzad.
Vazifai on tadqiqi tarkibi har yak hodisai psikhiki va ba
ham tasirrasonii onho meboshad, ba monandi tasiri
khotir ba tafakkur, tafakkur ba iroda va gayra. U dar chu-
nin aqida ast, ki psikhika hej guna ifodai moddii khudro
nadorad, hodisahoi psikhiki naboyad dar aloqamandi bo
muhiti beruni omukhta shavand. In dar mavqei idealisti
budani uro ifoda menamud. U introspeksiyaro metodi aso-
sii tadqiqi hodisahoi psikhiki shumorida ast.
Raviyai materialistiro dar psikhologiya payravoni
I.M.Sechenov (V.M.Bekhterev, N.N.Lange, I.P.Pavlov) da-
vom dodand. I.P.Pavlov (1849-1936) pesh az hama targib-
gari andeshahoi ustodash bud. U harchand konsepsiyai shakh-
sii psikhologiro nadoshta boshad ham, vale dar tashakkulu
inkishofi donishhoi psikhologi naqshi buzurg bozidaast.
Murojiati avvalini I.P.Pavlov ba psikhologiya
aloqamand bo omuzishi kori uzvhoi hozima bud. Malum
namud, ki kori uzvhoi hozima ham az omilhoi fiziologi
va ham psikhologi vobasta ast. In andeshai ilmi ba
tadqiqu paydoishi reflekshoi sharti asos guzosht. U
aloqahoi sharti-reflektoriro tahqiq namud. Angezahoi
sharti mohiyati signaliro dorand va onho signalhoi an-
gezahoi berunaand.
I.P.Pavlov khususiyathoi faoliyati olii asabi in-
sonro tadqiq namuda, talimotro dar borai sistemai
signalii duyum kor karda baromad. U voqeiyati olami
obektiviro etirof mekard. In bud yak nav zaminai
muhimi ilmi ba mekhanizmhoi faoliyati olii asab.
I.P.Pavlov hamesha az dastovardhoi ilmi psikholo-
giya ruhbaland meshud va makhsusan az kushodashavii Insti-
tuti psikhologiya dar Moskva (5.04.1914). Psikhologi
mashhuri rus B.M.Teplov talimoti I.P.Pavlovro ba ta-
vri ejodi dar tahqiqi masalai farqiyathoi fardii in-
son vase istifoda burdaast.
Guzorishi qadamhoi avvalini mustaqiliyati psikho-
logiya ba inkishofi tadqiqothoi eksperimentali imkoni-
yathoi vase faroham ovard. Dar bisyor mamolik labora-
toriyahoi ilmi va donishkadahoi ilmi-tadqiqoti kushoda
shudand, ki faoliyatashon khususiyati amaliro doshtand.
Solhoi 80-umi asri XIX beshtari tadqiqotho ba omuzishi
funksiyahoi olii psikhika ravona shuda budand.
Psikhologi nemis German Ebbingauz (1850-1909) ba
in kor ogoz bakhshid. U doir ba khotir tadqiqothoi ziyode
guzaronida ast. Tamomi natijahoi tadqiqotro dar kito-
bi khud «Dar borai khotir» (1885) ovarda, bahoi ilmi doda
ast. G.Ebbingauz az doirai eksperimenti fiziologii
Vundtovi baromada, qonunhoi khotirro dar asosi ekspe-
rimenthoi psikhologi ba roh monda bud. U khotirro hamchun
protsessi mekhanikii tashkili osoru naqshho medonist. Az
in ru, ozmudashavanda baroi paydoshavii osori nav boyad
masalahoi metodii navro hal namoyad va baroi in mavo-
dero yoftan zarur ast, ki ozmudashavanda bo on shinos
nabuda, hej guna aloqamandie niz bo guzashtai u nadoshta
boshad. G.Ebbungauz ba sif_ati chunin mavod hichohoi be-
manoro intikhob mekard. U du metodi tadqiqi khotirro
intikhob kard: azyodkuni va nigohdori. Tartibi azyodkuni:
ba ozmudashavanda hijohoi bemano peshnihod meshudand
va u onhoro bo rohi takror to durustu bekhato az nav hosil
kardan azyod mekard. Nishondihandai surati azyodkuni va
sifati on miqdori takrorkuni ba shumor meravad. Meto-
di nigohdori ba chunin savol javob medihad: Oyo durust
ast, ki agar ozmudashavanda mavodi azyodshudaro durust az
nav hosil karda natavonad, pas u purra onro faromush
kardaast? Agar mavod komilan faromush meshud, on boz
baroi bakhotirgiri peshnihod megardad. Malum mesha-
vad, ki azyodkuni az takrori ba vaqt taqsimshuda vobasta
ast. G.Ebbingauz zimni tadqiqothoyash nishon dod, ki ba-
roi ba khotir giriftani 12 hijoi az mano mahrumbudai
suni, ba hisobi miyona 16,5 takror va baroi 36 hijo 54
takror zarur ast. Masalan, agar mavod 30 takrorro talab
kunad, ba maqsad muvofiq ast, ki onro dar muddati 3 ruz
bo dah marotibagi takror kunad, nisbat ba on ki 30 bor
dar yak ruz. U inchunin muqarrar kard, ki hamin ki mavod
purra azyod karda shud, baroi faromush nashudanash boz ba
on boyad bargasht: yane, na tanho azyodkuni, balki aznava-
zyodkunii on zarur ast. Hulosaho va tavsiyahoi ilmii
G.Ebbingauz ahamiyati ham nazariyavi va ham amaliro
sohiband.
Tadqiqi khotirro psikhologi digari nemis
G.E.Myuller davom dod va kitobi sejildaro doir ba on bo
nomi «Doir ba tahqiqi khotir va tasavvurot» (1911, 1913,
1917) nashr kard. U ba khulosa omad, ki khotir qobiliyati
mekhaniki nest, balki on zimni maqsadguzoriho ba amal
meoyad. Faoliyati purmazmunu bomano bo matnho bakho-
tirgiriro tamin menamoyad. Myuller G.E. va M.Kalkins
dar laboratoriyai ilmiashon metodi «assotsiatsiyai
jufti»-ro kor karda baromadand va tufayli on ba
natijahoi sudmand noil gashtand.
Psikhologiyai eksperimentaliro dar Amriko V.Jems,
G.St.Holl va J.Kettel vase ba roh mondand. E.Torndayk,
D.Dyui doir ba sohai zoopsikhologiya tadqiqothoi muhim
namudaand. Onho raviyai navi ilmii «yoddihi»-ro kor
karda baromadand, ki tavassutash sharhi sababii raftori
insonu hayvon karda meshud. Metodi asosii tadqiqotii
on «Quttii problemavi» bud. E.Torndayk tufayli
qonunhoi yoddihi va mashq dar hayvonot raftorhoi nav ba
navro tashakkul medod. Dar asosi in tajribaho kitobi
«Aqli hayvonot» va «Tadqiqi protsesshoi assotsiativi
dar hayvonot» (1898)-ro navisht.
G.St-Holl soli 1892 Assotsiatsiyai psikhologhoi
amerikoiro tasis dod va khudi u Prezidenti on intikhob
gardid. Bo davati u Zigmund Freyd dar universiteti
Klark 5 leksiya doir ba psikhoanaliz khond va ba hamin va-
sila in raviya dar Amriko niz pahn gardid. J.Kettel psi-
khologe ba shumor meraft, ki zimni tadqiqi qobiliyathoi
aqlii donishjuyon suporishhoero kor karda barovard va
onho nomi «test»-ro giriftand. In testho baroi sanjishi
quvvai mushakho, surati harakat, hassosi, tezii binnish
va shunavoi, tafriqai vazn, reaksiyai
shakhs va khotir muhim budand.
F.Parsons soli 1908 dar Boston byu-
roi psikhologiro tashkil dod va dar on
bo navrason dar masalai kasbinti-
khobkuni mashvaratho guzaronida
meshudand. Intikhobi korgaron va khiz-
matchiyon dar korkhonaho zimni
omuzishhoi psikhologi ba roh monda
meshud. Hamin tariq, psikhologiyai
amali ru ba inkishof nihod.
Dar tashakkul va inkishofi do-
nishhoi psikhologi va mustaqimiyatro
ba dast ovardani psikhologiya naqshi psikhologiyai davrai
shuravi niz baland bud. Aznavsozii psikhologiya zimni
asoshoi nazariyai marksisti – lenini ba roh monda shuda
bud. YAne, tasavvurothoi ilmii falsafi va munosibati
ilmii dialektikiyu materialisti zohir namudan ba psi-
khika hamchun khosiyati magzi sar – asosi ilmii psikhologiyai
navbunyod hisobida meshud. Solhoi 20-umi asri HH osori
psikhologii varzidai jahoni Z.Freyd, A.Adler, K.YUng,
V.Kyoler, K.Kofman, E.Torndayk, J.Piaje, E.Krechmer va
diaron) tarjuma shudand. Barnomahoi ilmii
P.P.Blonskiy, K.N.Kornilov, L.S.Vigotskiy,
M.YA.Basov, S.L.Rubinshteyn, S.G.Gellershteyn va digaron
dar aznavsozii psikhologiya nazarras budand.
P.P.Blonskiy va M.YA.Basov predmeti psikhologiyaro dar
kategoriyai raftor medidand. Onho ziddi biologishavii
psikhikai inson baromad menamudand. M.YA.Basov pesh-
nihod namud, ki faoliyat boyad yake az masalahoi
tadqiqotii ilmi psikhologiya ba hisob ravad.
L.S.Vigotskiy, S.L.Rubinshteyn va A.N. Leontev pesh az
hama in andesharo dastgiri namudand. L.S.Vigotskiy
(1896-1934) qonuniyati inkishofi funksiyahoi olii psikhi-
karo muayyan kard. Ba andeshai u, muoshirati kudak b_o ka-
lonsolon sharti aosii inkishofi psikhika meboshad. U dar
kitobi khud «Funksiyahoi olii psikhika» du darajai inki-
shofi psikhikaro muayyan namudaast: a) darajai aktualii
inkishofi psikhika va b) mintaqai nazdiktarini inki-
shofi psikhika. Hardui in daraja mantiqan pay dar pay
zohir meshavand. In darajaho imkoniyat medihand, ki mu-
rabbi va muallim metodu usuli korbariro ba khonandagon
muayyan kunadu rafti inkishofi psikhikii onhoro
peshbini namoyand.
Nazariyai ilmii L.S.Vigotskiy doir ba qonuni-
yathoi inkishofi psikhiki dar hamaguna davru zamon
tatbiqshavandaand. S.L.Rubinshteyn (1889-1960) da-
vomdihandai talimoti ilmii M.YA.Basov (1892-1931)
bud. Uro asari bezavolash «Asoshoi psikhologiyai umumi»
(1940) mashhur gardond. Asosi asari uro prinsipi «yago-
nagii shuur va faoliyat» tashkil doda bud.
S.L.Rubinshteyn dar barobari tahqiq namudani sokh-
ti faoliyat, inchunin dar bobati predmeti psikhologiya
andesharoni karda, kushish namud, ki shuurro bo protsessi
faoliyat payvast namoyad. SHuur, az nazari
S.L.Rubinshteyn, doroi tabiati ijtimoi buda, bo muno-
sibathoi jamiyati muayyan karda meshavad. Modom ki in
munosibatho az yak davru zamon to zamoni digar tagyir
meyoband, pas shuur ifodakunandai mahsul va natijahoi
tarikhan tagyiryobanda ast.
A.N.Leontev (1903-1979) psikho-
logi varzidai davroni shuravi buda,
qayd mekunad, ki hamai hodisahoi
ruydihanda dar sohai psikhikai in-
son tufayli faoliyat ba amal meo-
yand. U muayyan namud, ki faoliyat
doroi sokhti muayyan ast va az chunin
qismatho tarkib yoftaast: marom,
maqsad va amal. In qismathoi tar-
kibi imkoniyat medihand, ki shakhs ba
maqsadi faoliyatash tanho zimni
marom va amali muvofiqi intikhob-
shuda rasida metavonadu khalos.
Sazovor ba zikr ast, ki dar inkishofi donishhoi
psikhologi psikhologho K.N.Kornilov, B.G.Ananev,
A.V.Zaporojets, A.R.Luriya, A.N.Smirnov, B.M.Teplov,
D.N.Uznadze va dar nimai duyumi asri HH D.B.Elkonin,
V.V.Davidov, G.S.Kostyuk, B.F.Lomov. V.P.Zinchenko,
M.G.YAroshevskiy, A.Puni, P.A.Rudik, V.N.Myasishev va
digaron sahmi arzanda guzoshtaand.
RaVIYAh0I asosii Psikhologiya solhoi 10-umi asri
ilmii psikhologi HH ba buhroni kushod giriftor
gardid. Ba qavli L.S.Vigotskiy,
in buhroni metodologi bud, ki nazariyahoi nav ba navro
chi dar khorija va chi dar Rusiya ba vujud ovardand. Buhron
dar psikhologiya inchunin bo taraqqiyoti iqtisodiyoti
jahoni aloqamand bud. Dar hamin davrai buhroni ra-
viyahoi bonufuzi ilmi paydo shudand, ki onhoro dida me-
baroem.
Bikheviorizm. In raviya dar Amriko zuhur karda,
amali javobi ba strukturalizmi V.Vundt, E.Titchener va
funksionalizmi amerikoi bud. Asosguzori on J.Uotson
(1878-1958) ba hisob meraft. U soli 1913 maqolaero
navisht bo nomi «Psikhologiya az nuqtai nazari bikheovio-
rist» va in ba muarrifi namudani mohiyati in raviya asos
guzosht. J.Uotson psikhologiyaro baroi subektivizmash
zeri tanqid girift. Ba qavli u, shuur bo vohidu unsurho-
yash va ifodahoi nomuayyannash amalan befoida ast. Pred-
meti psikhologiya boyad raftor boshad. Ba andeshai u, «bi-
kheviorizm boyad laboratoriyai jamiyat shavad».
Raftori inson hamchun predmeti bikheviorizm – in
hamaguna kirdorho, sukhanho, chi modarzodi va chi
hosilshuda meboshand, ki az davroni tavlid to ba marg
ijro meshavand. Raftor – in har guna reaksiya (K) ba an-
gezahoi beruni (8) meboshad, ki shakhs tufayli on ba muhit
mutobiq meshavad. SHakhs zeri in formula metavonad mua-
yyan kunad, ki reaksiya ba angeza va baraks chi guna ba
amal meoyad. Uotson J. reaksiyahoro ba modarzodi va bada-
stovardashuda judo mekunad. Asosan raftor natijai
omuzish ast va meguyad: « Ba man dyujinai kudakoni solimu
bardamro dihed va man az rui intikhobi khudam az onho
dukhtur, bozargon, huquqshinos va hatto kambagalu duzdro
tayyor mekunam va in novobasta az istedod, maylho,
kasbho, najodhoi peshinai onho surat megirad». Az in ru,
malaka va yoddihi masalai asosii bikheviorist ba shumor
meravand. Rafti hosilshavii malaka dar in raviyai ilmi
ba tavri mekhaniki fahmida meshavad. Malakaho bo rohi
kur-kuronai sanjishu khato hosil meshavand va protsessi
idoranashavandaro memonand.
Nazariyai bikheviorizmro Burkhus Skinner (1904-
1990) taqviyat bakhshid. U refleksi shartiro reaksiyai ope-
ranti nomid. Agar dar talimoti I.P.Pavlov reaksiyai
nav hangomi amali javobi dodan ba signali sharti (masa-
lan, pesh az khurokdihi sadoi metronom doda meshavad va
g.) hosil shavad, on goh dar nazariyai Skinner B. organizm
avval harakatero sodir menamoyad va sipas on mustahkam
karda meshavad. U baroi guzaronidani tajribaho quttii
eksperimentaliro sokht. Tadqiqothoi Skinner donishhoro
dar borai rohhoi tashakkuli malaka va mustahkamkunii
on, inchunin oid ba rafti guzarish az yak shakli raftor ba
digarash vase namud. Protsessi hosilshavii malakaho bo
rohi bikheviorizmi operanti nishon medihad, ki mutaas-
sifona shuur hamchun tanzimgari botinii raftor amal
namekunad.
Payravoni Skinner B. tekhnikai tashakkuldihii re-
aksiyahoi operantiro dar rafti talimu tarbiyai kudakon
va hangomi tabobati bemorihoi asabi istifoda mebur-
dand. Umuman, bikhevioriston gumon doshtand, ki ba vasi-
lai formulai «angeza – reaksiya» metavon navi navi in-
sonro tashakkul dod va in ba juz khayoli khom chizi digare
nabud.
Psikhologiyai geshtalti. Geshtalt kalimai nemisi
buda, manoi obraz va sokhtorro dorad. Psikhologiyai
geshtalti hamchun raviyai ilmii davrai buhroni kushod,
ibtidoi asri HH dar Germaniya ba vujud omadaast.
Talifoti M.Vertgeymer (1880-1944), V.Kyoller (1887-
1967) va K.Koffka (1886-1941) asosi nazariyavii in raviya
meboshand. In maktabi psikhologi az har jihat ba bikhevi-
orizm muqobil bud. Ba aqidai namoyandagoni in raviya,
sokhtori shuur, vaziyat, obrazi idrok jami unsurhoi
alohida nameboshand, ki kullro ifoda namoyand. Baraks,
kull khususiyathoi sifatii unsurhoi alohidaro muayyan
mekunad. Tajribahoe, ki dar sohai idrok guzaronida shu-
dand, muayyan kardand, ki idrok sifatan az ehsos farq me-
kunad va jami ehsosho nameboshad. Dar robita bo in,
H.Erenfels dar maqolai khud «Andar bobi shakl» ishora
mekunad, ki geshtalti kvadrat novobasta az andoza,
mavqe, rangi unsurhoi on nigoh doshta meshavad.
Keller V. dar kitobi khud «Strukturahoi fiziki dar
oromi va holati statsionari» (1920) meovarad, ki olami
fiziki chun psikhologi ba geshtaltho tobeand. Hama chiz
muvofiqi prinsipi geshtalt boyad baho doda shavad. Ola-
mi psikhologii kudak niz geshtalti kunonida shudaast va
unsurhoi tarkibii on novobasta az yakdigar vujud doran-
du bo ham aloqamand nestand. Onho barobari inki-
shofyobi bayni khud robita paydo mekunand.
Kambudii tadqiqothoi eksperimentalii psikholo-
giyai geshtalti dar on ast, ki namoyandagoni on naqshi sha-
roithoi voqeiro dar paydoishi obrazho rad namuda,
aloqamandii mazmunu mundarijai idrokro bo olami be-
runa niz inkor mekardand. Onho prinsipi assotsiatsiya-
ro dar psikhologiya zeri shubha giriftand. Janbai sinte-
tiki (tarkibi) bar analitiki (tahlili) bartari dorad.
Onho bo judonamoii amali tahlil va tarkib, soddaro az
murakkab kanda mondand. Dar zaminai in, baze olimon
ehsosro hamchun protsessi psikhiki etirof namekardagi
shudand.
Psikhologiyai geshtaltiro tadqiqi protsesshoi idrok
va tafakkuri ejodii samarabakhsh ba khud jalb karda bud.
Az in ru, tadqiqi tafakkuri ejodi yake az masalahoi
asosi shuda memonad.
Psikhologiyai amiq. In raviyai navi psikhologiya no-
vobastagii psikhikiro az shuur isbot kardani meshavad va
baroi in tadqiqothoi ziyodero guzaronidand. Jarayoni
markazii psikhologiyai amiq-psikhoanalizi psikhiatri av-
striyagi Zigmund Freyd (1856 – 1939) bud. Ba on psikholo-
giyai individualii A.Adler va psikhologiyai analitikii
K.G.YUng niz dokhil meshavand. Ba
aqidai onho, psikhika berun az shuur
vujud dorad va psikhikai beshuuri
predmeti psikhologiyai amiq boyad
boshad.
Psikhoanalizi Z.Freyd dar zeri
tasiri sharoithoi siyosi va ijti-
moii Avstriya ba vujud omadaast. Inson, muvofiqi in ra-
viya, zeri instinkthoi shahvoni va tufayli beshuurii
protsesshoi psikhiki dar chunin holat qaror meyobad, ki
Man dar u «khuchain dar khonai khud nest». Psikhoanaliz ham-
chun shakli navi tabobati bemoron va usuli tadqiqot do-
nista shudaast. Magzi psikhoanalizro omuzishi beshuuri
tashkil medihad. Nomgui asarhoi talifkardai Z.Freyd
faoliyati ilmi-tadqiqotii uro tavsif medihand va
onho: «SHarhdihii khobho»(1900), «Psikhopatalogiyai hayoti
muqarrari» (1904), «Zudaqli va munosibati on ba
beshuuri» (1905), «Se ocherk doir ba shahvoniyat» (1905),
«Porae az tahlili isteriya» (1905) va g. Ahamiyati khosro
asari «SHarhdihii khobho» sohiib ast, ki dar on hayoti
ruhi hamchun dorobuda bo sokhti amiq tavsif doda mesha-
vad. Dar on se daraja takid megardad: shuurona, toshuuri
va beshuuri. SHuurona khosiyati hayajoniro dorad. Toshuuri
– in beshuurii pushida (latenti) ast va in beshuuri qobi-
liyati ba shuur vorid shudanro dorad. Beshuuri – in psi-
khikai tang karda barovardai beshuuri ast, ki qobiliyati
ba shuur vorid shudanro nadorad. Vay hodisahoero dida
mebaroyad, ki ba nazorati shuur doda nameshavand, ba mo-
nandi faromushkuni, khobbini, khatoho va g. Inho zuhuroti
beshuuri buda, sababhoi sar zadanashonro boyad omukht.
Hamin tavr, Z.Freyd se unsurro baroi ravshan kardani
sarchashmai faolii shakhs istifoda burdaast: VAY –
maylhoi jinsi, MAN – shuur va az MAN bolo – vijdon.
Tanosubi in unsurho holathoi gunogunro dar inson ba
vujud meovarad. Z.Freyd az bayni in unsurho maylhoi
jinsi – shahvoniro hamchun quvvai asosii harakatdihanda
donista ast, ki tamomi faoliyati psikhikii insonro
idora mekunad.
Hamin tariq, ba tavri purra judo namudani shakhs az
sharoithoi ijtimoii tashakkuli u, afzaliyat va bartari
dodan ba unsuri beshuuri va biologi – in ast mohiyati
nazariyai psikhoanaliz.
A. Adler (1870-1937) dukhturi chashm bud va dar sohai
psikhiatriya koru faoliyat namudaast. U «SHarhdihii
khobho»-i Z.Freydro dastgiri menamoyad, vale dar
masalai etiologiyai shahvonii bemorihoi asab bayna-
shon ikhtilof ba amal omada bud. Muvofiqi aqidai
A.Adler, na maylhoi shahvoni, balki hissi norasoiyu no-
mukammali va zarurati purra kardani in norasoi sababi
faolii shakhs meboshad. Hissi norasoi hissi manfi va
passiv nabuda, balki vodorkunanda ba inkishofi psikhiki
ast. In hissiyotho az tarbiya vobasta ast. Agar shakhsiyati
inson komilu purra boshad, pas tarbiya onro ba in daraja
ovarda ast. Az in khotir, tarbiya munosibati individua-
liro (fardiro) talab mekunad.
K.G.YUng (1875-1961) khatmkunandai universiteti
shahri Bazel buda, asosguzori raviyai analitiki ba shumor
meravad. Prinsiphoi psikhoanalizro vase istifoda bur-
daast va dar barobari in, metodi assotsiatsiyahoi nazo-
ratkunandaro kor kardaast. U dar masalai maylhoi
shahvoni bo Z.Freyd dar ikhtilof bud. Muvofiqi K.YUng,
libido – energiyai psikhikie meboshad, ki boshiddatii
rafti hayotro ifoda namuda, shaklhoi gunoguni zuhurotro
dorad va yake az onho sohai shahvoniyat ast. K.YUng psikho-
logiyai analitikiro pesh burd. Asosi in raviyaro tadqiqi
beshuuri va rafti inkishofi shakhs tashkil medihad. Psi-
khikaro ba boshuuri va beshuuri judo namud. Dar navbati
khud, beshuuriro ba shakhsi va kollektivi judo kard.
Beshuurii shakhsi – in qabati boloii psikhika ast, ki on bo
tajribai fardii inson aloqamand ast: yoddoshthoi fa-
romushshuda, maylu impulshoi berunkardashuda, taassu-
rothoi osebovari faromushshuda va g. Inho az tarikhi
shakhsii fard vobasta ast. Mazmuni onho dar khobho va
fantaziyaho zohir meshavand. Beshuurii kollektivona – in
psikhikai boloshakhsi beshuuri buda, ba on instinktho va
maylho dokhil shuda, mavjudiyati tabiii insonro ifoda
mekunand.
SHuuri kollektivona – in psikhikai qadimi ast va
mohiyati on az inkishof va shuuri shakhs novobasta ast. On
etiqodhoi milli, najodi, rivoyatho, khurofotho va baze
irsiyathoe meboshand, ki inson az hayvonot giriftaast.
Instinktho va arkhetipho – tanzimgari hayoti ruhi mebo-
shand. Agar instinktho raftori makhsusi shakhsro muayyan
kunand, on goh arkhetipho ba raftor mazmuni shuurona
doshtanro medihand. Arkhetipho dar shakli obrazho va
ramzho vujud dorand va dar qabathoi amiqi beshuuri joy-
gir shudaand. YUng K. rafti tashakkuli shakhsro individu-
atsiya nomid. Maqsadi u muvozinatro dar shakhsiyati inson
ba vujud ovardan bud va bayni beshuuriyu boshuuri
aloqamandi mejuyad. In, dar nihoyat, ba inkishofi shakhs
imkoniyat medihad.
Psikhologiyai kognitivi. Dar okhiri solhoi 50-um va
ibtidoi solhoi 60-um raviyahoi ilmii ziyode dar davrai
buhroni kushod ba vujud omadand va bo sababi ikhti-
lofhoi baynihami etiborashon past shudan girift. Ba
joi onho raviyahoi nav paydo meshudand va diqqati psikho-
loghoi jahonro ba khud jalb menamudand. YAke az onho psi-
khologiyai kognitivi ba hisob meraft.
Psikhologiyai kognitivi solhoi 60-umi asri HH dar
IMA paydo shud va ba muqobili bikheviorizm ravona
shuda bud. Namoyandagoni on (J.Bruner, G.Sayman,
P.Lindsey, D.Norman, A.Ellis, L.Festinger, U.Nayser,
D.Brodbent, A.Payvio, A.Bek va g.) takid menamudand,
ki ba sokhtori shakhs boyad unsurhoi kognitivi niz dokhil
karda shavand. Mafhumi kognitivi az kalimai lotini
«kognito» girifta shudaast va manoi donishu mari-
fatro dorad. Pas, in raviya ba tadqiqi protsesshoi
marifati etibori jiddi medihad. Protsesshoi mari-
fati voqeiand va onhoro fahmidanu omukhtan imkonpazir
ast, meguyad yake az namoyandagoni on U.Nayser.
Ba tashakkuli psikhologiyai kognitivi raviyai psikho-
logiyai geshtalti, korhoi ilmii psikholog F.Bartletta
doir ba khotir va tafakkur, psikhologiyai genetikii
J.Piaje va osori J.Gipson dar borai idrok tasiri
sudmand bakhshidaand. Sohahoi asosii tadqiqot dar psi-
khologiyai kognitivi inhoand: khotir, janbahoi psikholo-
gii zabon va nutq, diqqat, khayol va g. In raviya raftori
insonro dar asosi donish va qobiliyathoi marifatii u
sharh medihand.
Namoyandagoni on dar tafovut bo bikheviorizm
takid mekunand, ki inson – in mashina nest, ki ba an-
gezahoi beruni kur-kurona va bo tavri mekhaniki etibor
dihad. Baraks, inson ba fazli aqlu khiradash metavonad
malumothoi voridshudaro tahlil kunad, muqoisa namoyad
va ba qarore oyad. Hamin tariq, psikhologiyai kognitivi
tasiri protsesshoi intellektuali va fikriro ba rafto-
ri odam ba tavri makhsus takid menamoyad.
Psikhologiyai gumanisti. In raviya solhoi 60-umi
asri HH zuhur kard va namoyandagoni mashhuri on pesh az
hama psikhologhoi amerikoi K.Rodjers va A.Maslou bu-
dand. Onho kambudihoi raviyahoi bikheviorizm va psikho-
analizro oshkoru isloh namudand. Ba aqidai psikhologhoi
in raviya, boyad ba inson, ba huququ ozodihoi u hamchun ar-
zishhoi oli munosibati gumanisti (insondusti, ba-
shardustona) zohir namud. Az in khotir, psikhologiyai man-
fiatbakhshro baroi hayoti inson boyad tashakkul dod. Psi-
khologiyai kognitivi chunin arzishhoro talqin menamoyand:
muhabbat, sabzish, qonegardii talabothoi shakhs, khudmu-
ayyankuni, arzishhoi oli, tashakkulyobi, bozi, hajv, mano,
haqnigori, solimii psikhiki va g.
Sahmi asosiro dar tashakkuli psikhologiyai guma-
nisti K.Rdjers (1902-1987) guzoshtaast. Ba qavli u, psi-
khologiya boyad dar khizmati inson boshad va muammohoi uro
hal namoyad. Metodhoi asosii psikhologiyai gumanisti
muoinai kliniki (A.Maslou), mushohida, sanati
sharhdihii olami botinii odami digar va metodi
tarjumaiholi (SH.Byuller) meboshand, ki bo metodhoi
eksperimentali muqobil guzoshta meshavand.
Logoterapiya. Asosguzori in raviya psikhologi av-
striyagi V.Frankl ba hisob meravad. In raviya bo
sharhdihii ilmii maromhoi asosii raftorhoi inson
mashgul bud. U bo tahlili maromhoi guftai Z.Freyd
(mayl ba halovatbari) va A.Adler (mayl ba hokimiyat,
hukmbari) rozi nabuda, prinsipi digarro intikhob mena-
moyad va onro «jahdu kushish namudan ba sui mano» no-
mid.
V.Frankl talimro dar nazdi Z.Freyd va A.Adler
girifta ast. Zindagi dar davroni hukmronii fashizm va
se soli azobu shikanja dar lagerho uro qaviiroda namud
va mahz dar hamon jo ba chunin khulosai psikhologi omad: na
az sharoitho, balki pesh az hama az khudi shakhs vobasta ast,
ki u chi tavr dar in sharoitho amal mekunad. Az in khotir
mefarmoyad, ki baroi odam darki mano (logos) va hadafi
zindagi zarur ast, zero justujui on mohiyati hastii inso-
nro dar bar megirad. Paydo nakardani manoi zindagi va
yo khud gum kardani on «khaloi ekzistensiali»-ro ba vujud
meovarad: inson mano, mohiyat va hadafi mavjudiyati
khudro gum mekunad, gamu gussa mekhurad, hissiyothoi nogu-
vorro az sar meguzaronad va in nihoyat ba buhronhoi sin-
nusoli mebarad. Binobar in, kore, ki mano paydo meku-
nad, insonro masuli hayoti khud megardonad. Muvofiqi
guftai V.Frankl, inson manoro na dar botini khud, bal-
ki dar atrofiyon boyad justuju kunad. YAne, inson manoro
dar gamkhorii digaron boyad binad va dar dust doshtani
digaron juyad.
V.Frankl vobasta ba hamin andeshaho raviyai logo-
terapiyaro kor karda baromad, ki az digar shaklhoi psi-
khoterapiya farq mekunad. Binobar in qayd mekunad, ki lo-
goterapiya – in vazifai psikholog ast, ki ba mizoj dar
paydo kardani manoi hayotash yori merasonad. In protses-
si analitiki buda, bo on jihatash ba psikhoanaliz qarobat
dorad. Logoterapiya na tanho baroi bemoron, balki baroi
odamoni solim niz tatbiqshavanda ast. On ba har guna
shakhs ravona meshavad, to ki u dar har guna vaziyat khudro
gum nakunad va dark namoyad, ki har lahzai hayot manoi ba
khud khosro dorad. Logoterpiya dar safarbar namudani
neruhoi botinii shakhs musoidat kunad, to ki u ba har guna
moneavu mushkilot – khudkushi, maykhoragi, nashamandi va
g. muqobiliyat nishon doda tavonad.
Hamin tariq, raviyahoi ilmii davrai buhroni kushod
imkoniyat dodand, ki afkori psikhologi boz ham tashakku-
lu inkishof yoband va mohiyati ilmii bisyor masalahoi
noravshani psikhologi oshkoru aniq gardand.
