Muhammad Gazoli

(1058-1111) az jumlai buzurgtarin
mutafakkironi tojiku fors ast, ki dar inkishofi tamad-
duni tamomi khalqhoi SHarqi musulmoni naqshi nihoyat
buzurg bozidaast. U namoyandai falsafai kalom meboshad.

Gazoli soli 1058 dar shahri Tusi Eron tavallud yof-
taast. U malumoti ibtidoiro dar Tus girifta, madrasa-
ro niz dar in jo khatm namudaast. Abu Homid Gazoli dar
Nishopur az Abdumaliki Juvayni ilmi mantiqro
omukhtaast. U muddate ba sifati mudarris dar madrasai
Nizomiyai Bagdod faoliyat namud va bad ba Nishopur
bargashta, dar madrasai Nizomiyai on bo tadris mashgul
meshavad. Pesh az vafotash ba Tus barmegardad va soli
1111 dar on jo vafot mekunad. Muhammad Gazoli az ja-
voni to okhiri hayotash ba talifi risolahoi gunogunhajm
mashgul shuda, ziyoda az 70 asari bezavol insho namudaast
va mashhurtarini onho dar olami falsafa inhoyand:
«Maqosid-ul-falosifa», «Tahofut-ul-falosifa», «Ki-
miyoi saodat», «Ehyo-ul-ulum-id-din», «Al-munqiz min-az-
zalol», «Nasihat-ul-muluk» va g.

Sarchashmahoi asosii afkori falsafi, psikhologi va
pedagogii Gazoli pez az hama oyahoi Quroni karim, an-
deshahoi peshiniyon doir ba akhloq, afkoru osori sufiya va
ejodiyoti dahonakii khalq meboshand. Mazmunu mohiyati
dalelhoi Gazoliro taminoti islom tashkil dodaand. Az
in jihat, muhaqqiqon uro «Hujjat-ul-islom» donistand.

Talimoti falsafivu psikhologii Gazoli halli chu-
nin masalahoro dar bar megirad: tabiat, ilohiyot, siyo-
sat, ofarinish, riyoziyot va mantiq. Ilmhoi riyozi va ta-
bii, ki doir ba adadi jismho, az jumla jismhoi mufrad
(tanho) va murakkab bahs mekunand, ba inkoru tasdiqi
ahkomi din befarq meboshand, ammo usuli siyosi, akhloqi
nisbat ba din betaraf nestand va aksari galathoi falsa-
fa dar ilohiyot rukh dodaand. Nazariyai marifati Gazoli
niz ba himoya va pushtibonii din tobe ast. U mavqei his
va aqlro dar donistani olam inkor karda, isbot kardani
meshud, ki faqat nuri dar dili bandagon afkandai khudo
«kalidi» tahsili aksariyati donishhost. Binobar in, u
ilmhoi dini-Quron, sunna, tafsir va fiqhro ilmhoi
darajai avval donista, ilmhoi falsafiro poyai onho
meshumorad.

Gazoli dar bobati masalai aql va manofei on an-
deshahoi muhimro bayon mekunad. U qudrati aqlro dar dar-
ki neku bad, halolu harom inkor namekunad, valekin
takid menamoyad, ki amali saheh nisbat ba amoli hasana
va qabeh bo vositai shariat ba dast meoyad. Dar in mavrid
maqomi aql dar isboti onho baland ast. Inson tavassuti
aql mefahmad, ki chi khub astu chi bad, vale umuri soliha va
rioyai amoli nekro shariat jori mekunad. Hulosai Ga-
zoli chunin ast, ki in hardu ba inson zarurand va agar aql
bo shar payvand gardad, on goh dilkhoh mushkiloti in-
soni halli khudro paydo mekunad.

Mavjudiyati inson ba qavli Gazoli, az du chiz: kolbad
(jism) va ruh iborat ast va onho doroi akhloqi nek va zisht
meboshand. In khulqhoro ba namudi zohirii inson va
husni khulqro ba surati botin mansub donistaast. Vay
takid menamoyad, ki inson faqat bo zebo budani surat
zebo shuda nametavonad. U boyad botinan zebo boshad.
Husni botin az gavhar quvvat: ilm (maqsad az on ziraki)
khashm, shahvat va adl iborat meboshad. Har yake az in quv-
vaho janbahoi musbi yo khud nekihoi khudro sohiband. Ga-
zoli ba khulosa meoyad, ki mavjudiyati in quvvaho shakhsro
saodatmand megardonad.

Gazoli doir ba hissiyot va idorakunii onho andesha-
roni namuda, qayd mekunad, ki khashmu gazab hamon vaqt
doroi husni zebost, ki agar tahti farmoni hikmat va
shar qaror doshta boshad. Nekui va sohibjamolii quvva-
ti shahvat dar farmonbardorii shari va aqli qaror do-
shtani ust.

Husni quvvati adl dar zeri dast va aql nigoh doshta-
ni quvvathoi shahvat va gazab meboshad. Agar in chahor qu-
vvat dar hambastagi bo digar husnhoi zikrshuda qaror
doshta boshand, on goh in guna inson saodatmand va feli
nek dorad. Dar surati nuqs doshtani yake az in quvvatho
akhloqi mutlaqo nek hosil nameshavad, yane shakhsiyati in-
son kosta megardad, chunonchi: agar ruyi inson, chashm,
bini va yo dahon … yagon nuqs doshta boshand, chehraro zisht
(badnamo) mekunand va on chehra mutlaqo zebo shuda name-
tavonad. Az in jost, ki nuqs paydo kardani in chahor quv-
vat du pahlu dorad: yakum, agar az had ziyod zohir gardad,
yane az meyor guzarad va duyum, az meyor kam, yane noqis
boshand. Quvvati ilm az had guzaradu onro bo maqsadi
korhoi bad istifoda barand, az vay hilayu nayrang (mak-
kori) barkhezad; agar noqis boshad, ablahiyu johili ba
miyon oyad. Quvvati ilm hamon vaqt foidanoku dar rohi
savob safarbar ast, ki mutadil boshad. Quvvati khashmu
gazab chun az meyor guzasht, ifroti on ba amal omada, shakhs
khuddori karda nametavonad, ki in niz qobili qabul nest.
Agar az meyor past boshad, boisi buzdili (tarsonchaki)
megardad. Agar dar meyori mutadil zohir shavad, sababi
shujoatmandi megardad. SHakhsi darajai khashmash noqis
pesh az hama ba quvvai khudash bahoi past medihad va
kheshtanro khor mekunad.

Quvvati shahvat (shahvati nafsoni, jinsi) ifroti
(az had guzashtan) boshad, boisi paydoishi palidi, nopoki
va hasad megardad. Agar in quvvat ba tafrit (kam) nazdik
boshad, on sababi susti, nomardi va bejurati meshavad.
Ashkhosi shahvatash mutadil shakhsoni bosharmu hayo, bosa-
bru qanoat va boiffat meboshand. Hamin tavr, dasturi
Gazoli in ast, ki inson boyad hamesha maqomi miyonaro
(mutadilro) intikhob karda, amal kunad.

Gazoli hamchun psikhologi borikbin masalai khashmu
gazabro ba tavri khosa va amiq dida mebaroyad. Ba andeshai
u, khashm – in shulaest, ki dar qalbi inson hamchun lagchai
zeri khokistar nihon buda, hangomi khuruj aqlro tira va
ruhi hayvonii insonro ba harakat meovarad. Gazoli boz
ishora mekunad, ki hangomi giriftorshavi ba khashmu
gazab, dar badani inson bukhori kasife hosil shuda,
raghoi uro oganda va rangu badanro surkh megardonad. Dar
holati baraks, in bukhor ba botin mayl namuda, rangi
chehraro zard mekunad. Hangomi az botin ba zohir harakat
kardani bukhori az qalb sarchashma girifta, odam sakht ba
hayajon omada, pandu nasihatro qabul namekunad, az khud
raftori beaqlonavu bekhiradona zohir namuda, nisbati
digaron beadabivu behurmati va tahqiru tahdidro ravo
mebinad. SHakhsi gazabolud az payrohai adab berun baro-
mada, odobi muomilavu muoshirat va sharmu hayoro fa-
romush mekunad. Ba in mani khashm kalidi hamai ba-
dihost.

Gazoli odamonro vobasta ba quvvai gazabnokiashon
ba se toifa judo menamoyad: a) baze az had ziyod gazabno-
kand va hangomi khashmu gazab az itoati khirad va shar be-
run shuda, aqlu hushro az dast medihand; b) digaron
baraksi in toifa az khashmu gazab oriand; v) quvvai
gazabnokii guruhi seyumi odamon mutadil va bomavrid
buda, dar doirai talaboti shari va aqli surat megirad.
In guruhi odamon khashmro hamchun siloh alayhi har guna
chizi khatarnok istifoda burda, az in chizho sarfi nazar
menamoyand. U ba khulosa omadaast, ki kudakonu zanon va
pironi barjomonda nazar ba digaron dida, zudtaru sakht-
tar ba khashm meoyand. Gazoli dastur medihad, ki iloji cho-
ra namudani khashmu gazab justani duri az khislathoi
nokhub ast. Mulohizai savobi hilm va mazammati khashmu
gazab, bo shakhsoni badkhashm dusti navarzidan, zishtu
qabeh nakunonidani chehrai khud hangomi gazabnok shudan
va gayraho az jumlai chorayu marhami bemorii gazab me-
boshand.

Hulosai nihoii Gazoli on ast, ki inson boyad har yak
raftor, kirdor va guftori khudro dar tarozui aql
sanjida, badan onro az khud zohir namoyad. Doimo kushish
kunad, ki amali faoliyati botini va zohiriash zeri
nazorati nuri khiradash qaror doshta boshad. Inson hej
goh naboyad aqlro mutei nafs, shahvat va dunyoparasti gar-
donad.

Gazoli dar robita bo hissiyoti khashmu gazab
masalai odobi muoshirati insoniro tahlil namuda, on-
ro niz yak vositai peshgirii in holati nomatlubi ruhi
donistaast. Vositai asosii muoshirat, ki zabonu nutq
ast, az in lihoz u talimu tarbiyai sukhan va sukhanvariro,
odobi kalomro takid namudaast. U zaboni muoshiratro
vositai ba hamdigar muttahid gardonanda, ifodaku-
nandai maromu maqsad, kalidi donish va aqlu khiradi in-
sonho mehisobad.