Nosiri Hisrav

1004-1088) mutafakkiri buzurgi
tojik buda, dar shahri Qabodiyon, ki dar _janubii Tojiki-
ston mavqe dorad, ba dunyo omadaast. U dar solhoi 30-
yumi asri XI ba sifati shoir va olimi zabardasti zamon
nom barovard. Nosiri Hisrav tahti tasiri payravoni
ismoiliya ba in mazhab mayl paydo karda bud. Ismoiliyon
yak shokhai mashhuru mamuli shiiyon dar asrhoi H1-H11 bu-
dand. U ba ismoiliyon az on ru etiqod dosht, ki onho ba
rivoji ilmu donish diqqat medodand va tarafdori ozod-
fikri budand. Hamin tavr, Nosiri Hisrav unvoni
«Hujjat»-ro girift va peshbarandayu targibkunandai
mafkurai in jarayon gasht.

Merosi adabii Nosiri Hisravro chand namgui
asarhoi akhloqiyu falsafi, devoni ashor va kitobi
nasrii «Safarnoma» dar bar megirad. Asarhoi akhloqiyu
falsafii u «Zod-ul-musofirin», «Vajhi din», «Saodat-
noma» va «Rushnoinoma»-and.Muvofiqi mazmun va munda-
rijai osori N. Hisrav, u masalai asosii falsafaro az
mavqei idealizm hal namudaast. YAne, ruh pesh az hama
vujud dorad va sipas materiya. U vobastagii substansiyai
jismro az khudo takid menamud. Dar in qismat jonibdori
Aflotun bud. Dar nazariyoti Nosiri Hisrav inchunin
unsurhoi materializmi soddalavhonaro niz mushohida
kardan mumkin ast. Olami voqei qonunhoi khudro dorad va
inson boshad quvvai digargunsozi on ast. Nosiri Hisrav
masalai munosibati ruh va jismro bisyor khub hal namu-
daast. U jonibdori talimoti Arastu va Ibni Sino dar
mavridi in masala bud va az in ru, mavjudiyati ruhro
dar mavjudiyati jism medid. Ba andeshai Nosiri Hisrav,
ruh se shakli zuhurotro dorad: minerali, rastani, hay-
voni va odami. Farqiyati onhoro dar quvvai hayoti va
qobiliyatashon mushohida kardan mumkin ast. Dar ba-
robari chunin andeshahoi peshqadam, u dar nihoyat dar
«Zod-ul-musofirin» ba chunin khulosa meoyad: on chize, ki
muvofiqi tabiatash vujud dorad, namemirad va nest
nameshavad. Pas, ruh badi nest shudani jism boqi memo-
nad va vujud dorad. In fahmishi idealistii psikhikaro
ifoda menamud.

Nosiri Hisrav psikhikai insonro yak navi makhsusi
ruhi hayvon medonist. On chize, ki dar hayvon ast, dar in-
son niz hast, vale dar inson boz chize hast, ki dar hayvon
nest va in nutqu aql ast. Muvofiqi aqidai u, inson har
guna olotero baroi ba dast ovardani gizo meofarad va
bahri in donishhoi khudashro istifoda mebarad.

Nazariyai marifat dar osori Nosiri Hisrav
qismati muhimi andeshahoi psikhologii u ast. U hamchun
payravi Ibni Sino, masalai protsesshoi marifatiro
ba tavri materialisti hal namudaast. Nosiri Hisrav
qayd mekunad, ki sarchashmai donish na aqlu khirad, balki
ehsos ast, ki on tufayli uzvhoi hissi ba amal meoyad. Mu-
tafakkir dar kitobi khud «Zod-ul-musofirin» takid me-
namoyad, ki «ehsos-in naqsh, obrazi aniqi chizhoi beruni
buda, ammo khudi chizho nameboshand». Nosiri Hisrav
naqshi hisro dar marifati haqiqati voqei makhsus qayd
menamud. Har yak uzvi his, ba andeshai u, vazifai muayyani
marifatiro ado menamoyad. Uzvi hissi shunavoi va binoi
boyad chunin khosiyathoi ashyoro donista girand: sado, shakl,
andoza, rang va gayra. Idrok, az nazari Nosiri Hisrav,
in inikosi tasiroti olami beruna buda, tavassuti on
obrazi ashyo dar shakli yaklukht dark karda meshavad.

Nosiri Hisrav dar «Devoni ashor»-ash ba tahqiqi
masalai tasavvurot, khayol va khotir tavajjuh zohir namu-
da, qayd menamoyad, ki tasavvurot – in obrazi ashyoi voqei
buda, khudi on dar ayni zamon dar nazdi inson vujud nado-
rad. Hayol boshad yake az qobiliyathoi ruhi inson ast. Ta-
vassuti khotir malumothoi zaruri nigoh doshta va guza-
ronida meshavad. Nosiri Hisrav chor sharti bakhotirgi-
riro judo namudaast: a) mavjudiyati maqsadguzorii mua-
yyan baroi bakhotirgiri; b) mavodi didavu shunidaro boyad
bo diqqat va bo hissiyoti baland az khud namud; v) mavodro

goh-goh boyad khud ba khud takror kard; g) agar inson mavod-
ro ba tavri jiddi az khud namoyad, on goh onro tez faromush
namekunad. Andeshahoi zikrshudai Nosiri Hisrav doir
ba khotir ba prinsiphoi hozirai bakhotirgiri muvofiqat
mekunand. U nazariyoti peshguzashtagoni khudro (Rudaki,
Firdavsi, Ibni Sino va digaron) davom doda, ba qobi-
liyathoi aqli inson bovari zohir menamoyad. Az in ru,
naqshi muhimro dar rafti marifat ba aqlu khirad nisbat
medihad.

Nosiri Hisrav tafakkurro vositai muhimi donista
giriftani hodisahoe medonad, ki hudud nadorand. U yago-
nagii tafakkurro bo nutq qayd menamoyad. Binobar in
navishtaast, ki donista giriftani ashyo, fahmidani on,
dastras namudani on ba ehsos va aql tanho tufayli nutq
hosil meshavad.

Mutafakkir dar chunin aqida ast, ki donishhoi mo-
darzodi vujud nadorand. Onho dar asosi tajribai hayoti
ba dast ovarda meshavand. Az in ru, ilmu donishro boyad
dust dosht va omukht. SHakhse, ki khohishi az khud kardani
ilmro dorad, boyad dar in payraha ustuvoru zahmatkash va
maqsadu maromi oliro doshta boshad. Ilm va donish, ba
qavli Nosiri Hisrav, bartarafkunandai har guna mush-
kilotu muammo ast. U meguyad:

Jamoli mardumi dar hilm boshad,

Kamoli odami dar ilm boshad.

Mulohizahoi ahamiyatbakhshi Nosiri Hisrav dar
asarhoi akhloqii u «Rushnoinoma» va «Saodatnoma» joy
doda shudaand, ki dar tashakkuli psikhologiyai inson sahm-
gir shuda metavonand. U zeri tarbiyai shakhs tashakkuli chu-
nin sifathoi musbatro dar kudakon mefahmid: khoksori,
mehruboni, rostqavli, mehnatdusti, yagonagii fikru amal,
bovari ba quvvayu irodai khud va gayra. Mutafakkir
hamai in sifathoro dar rafti tashakkuli shakhs na judo-
gona, balki dar shakli tomu yagona dida mebaroyad. SHakhs
in sifathoro tadrijan sohib meshavad – avval bo rohi
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tarbiyai oilavi, sipas dar sinni balogat, dar rafti
faoliyati hayoti va yo tufayli khudtarbiyakuni. Dar in bo-
bat boz makhsus ishora mekunad, ki dar tarbiyai kudak ham
naqshi padar va ham modar, obruyu etibori onho buzurg
ast. Dar kitobi khud «Rushnoinoma» meovarad: «Kudakonro
na tabiat, balki tarzi hayoti onho, muhit badakhloq meku-
nad», yo khud mefarmoyad:

Biparhez, ey barodar, az laimon,
Bino kun khona dar kui hakimon.
Zi nekon nek boshi v-az khason khas,
Zi dunon dun shaviyu az kason kas.
Buvad bo zirakon zindon guliston,
CHu zindon ast bo noaql buston.

Tarbiyai mehnati az masalahoi asosii ashori No-
siri Hisrav ba hisob meravad. U mehnatro sarchashmai
qadru qimati inson, manaviyot, khushbakhti va omili
muhimi tashakkuli shakhs donistaast. Az in ru, mehnati
purfayz moyai hayot va shakhsi mehnatkash iftikhori basha-
riyat khohad bud. Ba in mani meguyad:

Kalidi rizqu qismat sakht dar musht,
CHarogi dilafruzi dar dah angusht.

Hulosa, Nosiri Hisrav hamchun olimi ravshanfikr
va mutafakkiri haqiqatnigor insonro ba khudogohi ta-
shviq mekunad. Andeshahoi psikhologii Nosiri Hisrav
dar tashakkuli hamajonibai shakhsiyati inson va umuman,
inkishofi psikhiki nasli navras ahamiyatbakhshand.