Toj.su
«Prinsiphoi sharhdihanda – in
mavqei asosi, zamina yo naza-
riyahoe meboshand, ki tatbiqi
onho imkoniyati tavsifi khususi-
yathoi takhminii obekti tadqiqot va dar asosi metodi
umumiilmi tashkili tartibi dastrasnamoii mavodi
tajribavi, inchunin jambastnamoi va sharhi onro fa-
roham meovarad»- omadaast dar adabiyoti ilmi. Prin-
siphoi sharhdihanda yake az meyorhoi metodologi nisbati
sohai ilm meboshand, ki mavqei onro nisbati obekti
tadqiqot az nuqtai nazari asosnoki baho medihand.
Nuqtai nazar ba prinsiphoi psikhologiya gunogun buda, bo
ivaz shudani predmeti tadqiqot va shaklgirii paradig-
mahoi nav kunji nazar ba on tagyir meyobad. Hanuz dar
solhoi 30- yumi asri XX prinsiphoi asosii psikhologiyai
shuravi kor karda baromada shuda budand: prinsipi de-
terminizm, prinsipi yagonagii shuur va faoliyat, prin-
sipi inkishofi psikhika dar faoliyat. Sohai psikholo-
giyai doirai ilmii IDM, ki merosbari psikhologiyai shu-
ravi buda, hamzamon dar zeri tasiri maktabhoi muosiri
psikhologi inkishof meyobad, prinsiphoi zerinro etirof
mekunad:
- Prinsipi hamkori va inkishof. In prinsip
az talimoti tahavvuloti barmeoyad va hamkoriyu inki-
shof chun du janbai judonopaziri tasiri baynihamii
obektho dar ravandi tahavvulot ravshan ifoda yoftaast.
Hamkori va inkishof yak nav sharti mavjudiyati siste-
mahoi mukhtalifi tabiiyu ijtimoi meboshand va murakka-
bshavii sokhtori onhoro tavsif medihand. Baroi psikho-
logiya ham khudi ravandi hamkori va inkishof va ham
mahsuli in ravand- sokhtori sistemaho, ki dar khud tako-
muli hamkorii onhoro tajassum mekunad, muhim mebo-
shand.
Prinsipi hamkori va inkishof chunin mano dorad,
ki psikhika va zuhuroti mukhtalifi on natijai inkishofi
sistemahoi muayyan ast, ki az hamkorii onho asos megirad.
Az nuqtai nazari psikhologiya khususiyathoi yaklukhti,
sokhtori mukhtalifi sistemahoi hammonand, samarai in-
kishof, shaklgirii tashkilai nav dar asosi in prinsip
sharh doda meshavand.
- Prinsipi determinizm (az lot. determinar-
muayyan kardan). In prinsip, ki hamchun prisipi sabab-
noki niz mamul ast, baromadi sababu natijagii zuhuro-
ti psikhikiro ifoda karda, az prinsipi hamkori va in-
kishof barmeoyad.
Muvofiqi in prinsip har guna zuhuroti psikhiki
dar asosi sababi muayyan ba vujud meoyad va ba sifati sa-
babi asosi tarzi hayotguzaroni, sharoithoi hayot va tasi-
ri muhit baromad mekunand. Ba iborai olimi rus
A.V.Petrovskiy «psikhika az rui tarzi hayotguzaroni mua-
yyan karda meshavad va bo ivazshavii tarzi hayotguzaroni
tagyir meyobad».
Dar asosi prinsipi determinizm paydoish va inki-
shofi tarikhii zukhuroti psikhiki sharh doda meshavad.
- Prinsipi yaklukhti. YAklukhti – in hamkorii
ustuvori qismhoi yak sistema meboshad, ki onro hamchun yak
tashkilai yagona va tom muarrifi mekunad. YAne, yaklukhti
majmui qismathoi tarkibi nabuda, balki az hamkorii in
qismatho barmeoyad, chi tavre meguyand: «kull bo jami
juzhoi khud barobar nest». Dar mavridi dodashuda sukhan
dar borai chunin hamkorii ustuvori sokhtorhoi tarkibii
yak sistema meravad, ki novobasta az mukhtoriyati inkishof
va variantnokii zuhurot ayniyati sistemaro nigoh medo-
rad.
Prinsipi yaklukhti baroi sharh dodani chunin khu-
susiyatho, az qabili hifz shudani tavsifdihandahoi aso-
sii obektho novobasta az variantnokii qismathoi tar-
kibi (masalan, hifz shudani khususiyathoi muhimi shakhsiyat
dar tamomi tuli inkishof); hosilshavii khususiyathoi si-
fatan nav dar ravandi hamkorii sistemaho (masalan,
paydoishi psikhika dar ravandi tahavvuloti organizmi
zinda) va gayra istifoda burda meshavad.
- Prinsipi faoli. «Faoliro chun samarai ham-
korihoi zakhirashavanda baho dodan mumkin ast»- qayd
kardaast olimi rus Ponomarev YA.A. Az in nuqtai nazar,
faoli yake az khosiyathoi olami zinda meboshad, zero mahz
sistemahoi zinda tajribahoi guzashtaro «zakhira» namuda,
baroi mutobiqshavi ba sharoithoi zist istifoda meba-
rad. YAke az imkoniyathoi muhimi zakhirai tajriba – in si-
stemai asab va psikhika meboshad. Az in ru organizmi
zindai doroi psikhika hamzamon doroi imkoniyathoi za-
minavii faoli niz meboshad. Darajai faolii orga-
nizm az sathi taraqqiyoti psikhika vobastagi doshta, bo
tahavvuloti on imkoniyathoi beshtari faolii organizm
ba vujud meoyad.
Tavassuti prinsipi faoli khususiyati inikosku-
nandagi doshtani psikhika va vobasta ba tasiroti muhit
faolu tagyiryobanda budani on sharh doda meshavad.
- Prinsipi subektnoki. Dar darajai balandi
taraqqiyoti organizmi zinda imkoniyathoi faoli ba on
sathi inkishof merasad, ki imkoniyati ba voqeiyat az
nuqtai nazari manfiathoi khud baho dodan va hamzamon az
in nuqtai nazar ba on tasir rasonidanro faroham
meovarad. Sistemai zindai doroi chunin imkoniyathoi
faoli subekt meboshad. Dar omuzishhoi psikhologi doi-
mo va hatman mavqei subekt ba etibor girifta mesha-
vad.
In prinsip khususiyati infirodi doshtani jarayoni
darku marifati olamro sharh medihad.
- Prinsipi tajdid. YAke az masalahoi muhimi
tadqiqoti psikhologi ba omuzishi bevosita dastras nabu-
dani hodisahoi psikhiki ast. Mahz in masala tashakkuli
psikhologiyai ilmiro tuli asrhoi ziyod ba takhir megu-
zosht. Maktabhoi gunoguni psikhologi in masalaro bo
rohhoi gunogun hal kardani meshudand: jonibdoroni in-
trospeksiya peshnihod kardand, ki rohi yagonai omuzishi
in hodisaho khudmushohida ast, bikhevioriston boshad chu-
nin hodisahoro umuman sarfi nazar karda, ba mushohidai
zuhuroti berunii on – raftor qanoat mekardand va gayra.
Dar asri XX nuqtai nazar ba in masala tagyir yoft.
Peshnihod gardid, ki dar bayni khususiyathoi mushohida-
shavandai raftor va faoliyat az yak jonib va khususiyathoi
hodisahoi nihonii psikhiki az jonibi digar, yak qator
monandiho vujud dorand. Mahz dar asosi in gipoteza
solhoi 30- yumi asri XX olimi rus S.L.Rubinshteyn
prinsipi mamuli yagonagii shuur va faoliyatro kor
karda baromad. Mavqei psikhologiyai muosir ba in
masala bo nuqtai nazari Rubinshteyn umumiyat doshta
dar prinsipi tajdid ifoda meyobad.
Mohiyati in prinsip dar on ifoda meyobad, ki agar
dar holati oshkor gardidani hamohangi va hamkorii
zanjiravii sokhtorhoi tarkibii yak sistema yake az
unsurhoi on ba omuzishi bevosita dastras naboshad, pas
on dar asosi khususiyathoi hamkorii unsurhoi digari ba
omuzishi bevosita dastras tajdid karda meshavad.
Metodhoi Metodhoi tadqiqoti psikhologi siste-
tadqiqoti mai amaliyoti az nuqtai nazari metodo-
psikhologi logi asosnokshudae meboshand, ki ba da-
ryoft va korkardi dalelu burhoni ilmi
doir ba predmeti psikhologiya ravona shudaand. Dar ba-
robari in, metodhoi tadqiqoti psikhologi shaklhoi ba
omuzishi psikhologi makhsusgardonidashudai metodhoi
umumiilmii tadqiqoti meboshand. CHunone, ki malum ast
tamomi metodhoi ilmi muosirro ba namudhoi nazariyavi,
empiriki va sharhdihanda judo mekunand.
Metodhoi nazariyavi chunin metodhoe meboshand, ki
hangomi onho tadqiqotchi na bo voqeiyati omukhtashavanda,
balki bo obrazho, formulaho, skhemaho, sistemai alo-
mathoi zaboni va digar unsurhoi faoliyati fikri kor
mebarad. Ba tavri digar guem, tadqiqoti nazariyavi – in
amaliyoti fikri bo obekti omuzish ast. Natijai tatbiqi
metodhoi nazariyavi majmui donishhoi khulosavi – man-
tiqi meboshand. Dar tadqiqoti psikhologi chunin me-
todhoi nazariyavi istifoda burda meshavand: a) metodi
deduktivi, yane khulosabarorii mantiqi dar shakli guza-
rish az muhokimahoi umumi (kull) ba muhokimahoi qismi
(juz). Natijai in metod dar shakli nazariya, qonunho va
gayra ifoda meyobad; b) metodi induktivi, yane khulosaba-
rori dar shakli guzarish az juz ba kull. Natija – gipote-
zai induktivi, qonuniyat, tasnifot, basistemadarorii
zuhurot va g.; v) Tamsilasozi (modelsozi), yane khulosaba-
rori dar shakli «guzarish az juz ba juz», in metodro
metodi analogi niz nom mebarand, zero hangomi on ba joi
obekti murakkab obekti analogii nisbatan dastras
(tamsila) mavridi tadqiq qaror megirad. Natija – tamsi-
lai (modeli) obekt, ravand va yo holat. I.A.Zimnyaya ham-
chunin metodhoi zerini nazariyaviro farq mekunad: ap-
proksimatsiya – ifodai taqribii yagon buzurgi tavassuti
buzurgii digari nisbatan sodda; aksiomatizatsiya – isti-
fodai aksiomatikii nuktahoi zaminavii yagon nazariya
(aksioma – in mavqei ibtidoi va asosii nazariya ast, ki
asosi dalelhoi digar nuktahoi in nazariyaro tashkil do-
da, dar doirai on be talabi isbot istifoda burda mesha-
vad); ekstrapolyatsiya – pahnnamoii khulosahoi az mu-
shohidai yak qismati zuhurot badastomada dar qismati di-
gari on; praksimetriya – barrasii amal yo majmui amalhoi
gunogun az nuqtai nazari muqarrarnamoii natijabakhshii
onho.
Tadqiqoti empiriki (az yun. empiriya-tajriba) baroi
taftishi durustii takhminhoi nazariyavi barguzor megar-
dad va hangomi on tadqiqotchi na bo ramzho, balki bo khu-
di obekti tadqiqot sistemai amaliyotro ba anjom mera-
sonad. Natijai tatbiqi metodhoi empiriki – in malu-
moti obektivii ifodakunandai holati obekt dar asosi
nishondihandahoi vositahoi makhsus meboshad. Muhimta-
rin metodhoi empirikii umumiilmi: a) mushohida; b) oz-
moish; v) metodhoi andozagiri ba shumor meravand. Dar
tadqiqoti psikhologi shaklhoi makhsusgardonidashudai in
metodho vase istifoda burda meshavand.
Metodhoi sharhdihi chun metodhoi nazariyavi ifoda-
kunandai kor bo tasviri alomatiyu ramzii obekt (gra-
fikho, jadvalho, skhemaho va g.) meboshad, vale dar farqi-
yat az on amaliyoti fikri nabuda, az tadqiqotchi faolii
«beruni»- ro talab mekunad. Bo yorii in metodho muqoisa
va tahlili natijahoi az tadqiqoti empiriki badastoma-
da amali gardonda meshavad.
Metodhoi tadqiqoti empiriki dar bayni se guruhi
zikrshudai metodho naqshi asosiro ijro mekunand, zero
agar qismati tajribavii tadqiqotro sarfi nazar namo-
em, pas metodhoi nazariyavi va sharhdihanda ahamiyat va
asosi ilmi – obektivii khudro az dast medihand. Asosno-
kii metodhoi tadqiqoti empiriki tavassuti se meyori
asosi nazorat karda meshavad. Har yak metodi tadqiqoti
boyad: 1) obektivi; 2) validnok va 3) etimodnok boshad.
Obektivi budani metodi tadqiqoti ilmi chunin
sharh doda meshavad: on boyad az iroda va shuuri inson vo-
basta nabuda ba qonunhoi olami voqei tobe boshad.
Validnok budani metodi ilmi dar on ifoda meyobad,
ki on boyad ba qadri kifoya baroi tadqiq va bahodihii
predmeti tadqiqot muvofiq boshad.
Etimodnok budani metod ifodakunandai on ast, ki
boyad hangomi istifodai takrori va bisyorkarata hamon yak
natijaho ba dast ovarda shavand, yane mekhanizmi
natijagiri tasodufi nabuda, boyad ustuvor boshad.
Dar ilmi psikhologiya chunin metodhoi tadqiqoti em-
piriki istifoda burda meshavand: mushohida, eksperi-
ment, suhbat, musohiba, pursish, anketa, testhoi psikho-
logi, metodi tahlili mahsuli faoliyat. (Naqshai 1.)
Har yaki in metodhoro ba tavri mufassal dida meba-
roem:
Mushohidai psikhologi. Dar zeri mafhumi mushohida
idroki maqsadnoki obekthoro mefahmand. Mushohidaro
modari ilm shumoridan mumkin ast, zero hamaguna do-
nishhoi ilmi az mushohidai zinda ibtido giriftaand.
Mushohida dar miyoni metodhoi tadqiqotii psikhologiya
niz az hama qadimtar va dar ayni zamon sodda va dast-
rastarin ba shumor meravad. In metod hamchun metodi il-
mii empiriki hanuz az chahoryaki avvali asri XIX dar
tadqiqoti psikhologi vase istifoda burda meshud. Avva-
lin istifodabarandagoni mushohidai ilmii psikhologi
dukhtur – psikhiatrho budand, ki dar klinikaho raftori
bemoroni khudro ba tavri sistematiki mushohida namuda,
natijahoi onro qayd va tahlil menamudand. In metod ay-
ni zamon dar sohahoi psikhologiyai kliniki, ijtimoi, pe-
dagogi va sinnusoli, psikhologiyai mehnat va digar
sohahoe, ki dar onho baqaydgirii raftori tabiii odam
dar sharoithoi baroi u odati ahamiyati muhim dorad va
tasiri ozmoishgar ravandi hamkorii odamro bo muhit
vayron mesozad, istifoda burda meshavad.
Metodi mushohida bo yak qator khususiyathoi khud az
mushohidai hayoti farq mekunad, az jumla:
- on az rui naqshai peshaki va tartibi muqarrargar-
dida amali gardonida meshavad; - on ravandi maqsadnok ast va maqsadi asosii on ba
dast ovardani malumoti obektivi dar borai obekti
mushohidashavanda meboshad; - on shaklhoi makhsusi baqaydgirii natijahoi mu-
shohidaro istifoda mebarad, ki minimizatiyai tasiri
omili subektiviro peshbini menamoyand.
Vobasta ba in va digar meyorho, mushohidai ilmi az
mushohidakunanda donishhoi makhsusi nazariyavi, mala-
kahoi kasbi va tayyorii makhsusro talab mekunad.
Mushohidai psikhologi az namudhoi digari mu-
shohidai ilmi (biologi, fiziki, astronomi va g.) niz
kullan tafovut dorad. In tafovut pesh az hama dar khu-
susiyathoi predmet va obekti mushohidai psikhologi ayon
megardad. Obekti mushohidai psikhologi murakkabtarin
va purasrortarin mavjudi rui olam – odam va hamkorii
on bo odamoni digar, yane guruhhoi ijtimoi meboshad.
Qayd kardan lozim ast, ki mushohidai psikhologi bazan
olami hayvonotro niz faro megirad, vale maqsadi on bo
rohi muqoisa oshkor sokhtani qonuniyathoi inkishofi fi-
logenetikii psikhikai inson meboshad. Predmeti mu-
shohidai psikhologiro raftoru kirdori odamon va mekha-
nizmhoi psikhologii amaligardii onho tashkil medihand.
Tadqiqotchi metavonad khususiyathoi mukhtalifi raftori
harakati va shifohiro mushohida namoyad, ba monandi 1)
amaliyoti shifohi (mazmun, paihami, zudi, davomnoki,
shiddat va g.); 2) harakathoi gayrishifohii nutqi (imo va
ishoraho, ifodai qiyofai ruy, harakathoi chashm, badan va
g.); 3) joyivazkuni dar fazo (harakat yo holathoi behara-
katii odamon, masofai bayni onho, surat va samti hara-
kat va g.); 5) amaliyoti jismoni (dast rasonidan, bardo-
shtan, guzoshtan, zarba zadan va monandi inho).
Dar ilmi psikhologiya namudhoi gunoguni metodi
mushohidaro farq mekunand, az jumla: mushohidai munta-
zam va gayrimuntazam, mushohidai «kulli» va intikhobi,
mushohidai oshkoro va makhfi, mushohidai bavosita va be-
vosita, mushohidai voridshuda, mushohidai longityudi
(darozmuddat) va inchunin khudmushohida.
Mushohida agar az rui naqshai peshaki muayyankar-
dashuda jarayon girifta, hangomi on khususiyathoi
baqaydgiriftashavandai raftor muayyan va sharoithoi
muhiti ihotakarda guruhbandi shavand, baqaydgirii khu-
susiyathoi predmeti tadqiqot dar davraho va yo sharoithoi
gunogun ba naqsha girifta shavad, pas onro mushohidai
muntazam menomand.
Hangomi mushohidai gayrimuntazam baqaydgirii vo-
bastagihoi sababi va tavsifi purrai zuhurot muhim
nabuda, tadqiqot bo tasviri yak qator nishondihandahoi
jambastshudai raftori fard yo guruh dar sharoithoi mu-
ayyan qanoatmand megardad. In namudi mushohida dar et-
nopsikhologiya, psikhologiyai ijtimoi va dar psikhologiyai
sinnusoli vase istifoda burda meshavad.
Dar mavridi mushohidai kulli tadqiqotchi yo guruhi
tadqiqotchiyon tamomi khususiyathoi mushohidashavandai
raftori obektro ba qayd megirand. Hangomi mushohidai
intikhobi boshad, tanho ba janbahoi muayyani raftor
diqqat doda meshavad. Masalan, tanho takrorshavandagii
badkhashmi yo in ki muddati amaliyoti yakjoyai modaru kudak
dar davomi ruz ba qayd girifta meshavad.
CHunin shakli barguzorii mushohidai psikhologi, ki
hangomi on mushohidashavanda az ravandi mushohida ogoh
ast, mushohidai oshkoro menomand. Hangomi mushohidai
oshkoro khususiyathoi shakhsiyati psikholog va davomnokii
ravandi mushohida ahamiyati muhim dorand, chunki baroi
bartaraf namudani tasiri «nazorat» ba u lozim meoyad
dar muddati muayyan va bo raftori muvofiq «khudi» buda-
ni khudro nishon dihad, to mushohidashavandagon bo u uns
girand. Aksar vaqt voqif budani mushohidashavanda ba
jarayoni tabiii mushohida tasiri manfi merasonad, zero
«nazorati» beruni boisi tagyiryobii raftori vay megar-
dad. Dar chunin holat mushohidai makhfi beshtar natija
medihad, ki hangomi on obekti mushohida az ravandi on
ogoh nest.
Mushohidai psikhologi metavonad ba tavri bevosita
va yo tavassuti vositahoi tekhniki amali gardonida shavad.
Dar holate, ki on tariqi «mushohidai zinda» jarayon gi-
rifta, ba sifati vositahoi baqaydgiri tanho imkoni-
yathoi tabiii odam va qalamu qogaz baromad mekunand, su-
khan dar borai mushohidai bevosita meravad. Hangomi mu-
shohidai bavosita du namudi vositaho istifoda burda
meshavand: a) vositahoi yorirason (durbin, devori az yak
jonib shaffof – devori Gezell, dastgohhoi banavorgirii
makhfi va g.); b) vositahoi baqaydgirandai ravandi mu-
shohida (dastgohi suratgiri, videobanavorgiranda, dast-
gohi sabti sado va g.). Hangomi mushohidai bevosita kho-
tiri mushohid naqshi muhimro ijro mekunad, zero dar chu-
nin holat to paydo shudani fursat va mavqei qaydi
natijaho muddati muayyan meguzarad, ki on na tanho ehti-
moliyati faromush shudani dalelho, balki inchunin dar
ravandi qaydi on roh yoftani taassuroti subektiviro
niz ba vujud meovarad. In holat khususan hangomi
tatbiqnamoii mushohidai voridshuda ravshan ayon megar-
dad. Bazan, unsurhoi tadqiqshavanda dar muhiti mahdud
yo makhfi ba amal meoyand va yo bo kamtarin tagyiroti muhit
digargun meshavand. Mushohida «az yak jonib», dar chunin
mavrid va yak qator holathoi digar natija namedihad va
zarurati ba «olami» fard yo guruhi mushohidashavanda vo-
rid shudan ba vujud meoyad. CHunin mushohidaro mushohidai
voridshuda menomand. Mushohidai voridshuda hangomi
tadqiqi guruhhoi jinoyatkor, guruhi navrasoni vayron-
kor va kollektivhoi harbi istifoda burda shuda, az mu-
shohid talab mekunad, to khud azoi in guruhho boshad.
Hangomi tadqiqoti infirodi boshad, in shakli metodi
mushohida dar mavride istifoda meshavad, ki maqsadi
mushohida zarurati robitai doimii tabii doshtanro bo
mushohidashavanda ba vujud ovarad, masalan hangomi mu-
shohidai raftori kudaki khurdsol.
Hangomi mushohidai voridshuda niz metavon az mu-
shohidai oshkoro (masalan, hangomi omuzishi khususiyathoi
raftori kuhnavardon yo ekipaji kishtii zeriobi) va yo
mushohidai makhfi (masalan, hangomi mushohidai rafto-
ri guruhi kudakon va yo mahbusoni yak kamerai habskhona
tavassuti vositahoi yorirason) istifoda namud.
Mushohidai voridshuda vobasta ba khususiyathoi khud
az mushohid donishu mahorat, malakahoi kasbi va omo-
dagii makhsusro talab mekunad.
Goho khususiyathoi predmeti mushohida omuzishi mun-
tazam va tulonimuddatro taqozo mekunad, masalan dar ho-
lati omuzishi ravandi tashakkulyobii qobiliyathoi ejodii
shakhs. Dar chunin holat mushohidai longityudi ba naqsha
girifta meshavad, ki manoyash mushohidai darozmuddat yo
kasholyofta meboshad.
SHakli makhsusi metodi mushohida, ki tanho dar psi-
khologiya istifoda burda meshavad – khudmushohida meboshad.
In metod hanuz dar asri XVII hamchun «yagona» imkoniyati
omuzishi olami botinii inson shakli ilmimonandro kasb
karda boshad ham, bo kashf shudani metodhoi nisbatan
obektivii omuzishi psikhika on to andozae sarfi nazar
karda shud. Ammo ahamiyati ilmii khudmushohidaro nodida
giriftan nashoyad, avvalin tasavvurot dar borai olami
botin mahz tavassuti mushohidai fikrho, hissiyot va ta-
assuroti khud ba vujud meoyand. Imruz niz khudmushohida
baroi psikholog – tadqiqotchi ahamiyati muhim dorad. U
dar faoliyati kasbii khud bo raftori gunoguni odamon
vokhurda, kushish menamoyad, ki mekhanizmhoi psikhologii
onhoro oshkor sozad. Dar aksari chunin holatho psikholog
ba tajribai shakhsi, az on jumla ba tahlili faoliyati
psikhikii khud ru meovarad. Bo vujudi chunin bartariyat, ba
dast ovardani malumoti asosnoki ilmi bo yorii khudmu-
shohida nihoyat dushvor ast, ki in dar mavjudiyati yak qa-
tor kambudiho ifoda meyobad. Avvalan, mushohida namu-
dani fikrho, taassurot, tasavvurot va hissiyoti khud niho-
yat mushkil ast, zero onho dar zeri tasiri mushohida yo
tagyir meyoband va yo qat megardand. Duyum, hangomi khud-
mushohida khohu nokhoh nazari subektivi tasiri khudro
merasonad va savvum, hangomi natijagiri az khudmu-
shohida baze tobishhoi taassuroti kheshro ifoda kardan
gayriimkon ast. Vobasta ba in norasoiho, tadqiqotchie,
ki ba khudmushohida ru meovarad, boyad natijahoi onro
tanho dar sathi farziyavii tadqiqot istifoda namuda, bo
yorii metodhoi imkonpaziri obektivi taftish kunad,
hangomi natijagiri tasiri mushohida va subektivizm-
ro ba etibor girad, qablan malakai bahoi obektivi do-
dan ba taassuroti khudro anduzad.
Tashkil va barguzorii mushohidai psikhologii
tadqiqoti yak qator talaboti khudro dorad. Mushohida bo-
yad:
- dar sharoithoi baroi obekt muqarrari barguzor
gardad. Dar sharoiti gayrimuqarrari raftori odatii
obekt tagyir meyobad; - tasodufi naboshad va az rui barnomai peshaki
tarhrezikardashuda jarayon girad, zero naqshai peshaki
imkoniyat medihad, ki dar muddati nisbatan kutoh da-
lelhoi zaruri ba dast ovarda shavand; - maqsadi muayyan doshta boshad. Tadqiqotchi boyad
aniq donad, ki chiro mushohida kardan lozim ast, vagarna
mushohida tanho ba gird ovardani dalelhoi alohida tab-
dil meyobadu khalos; - na ba tavri fragmentari, balki muntazam barguzor
gardad, zero baqaydgirii sahnahoi alohidai raftori
obekt metavonad ba khulosabarorihoi nodurust musoidat
namoyad; - ba qadri imkon muddati ziyodtarro faro girad. CHi
qadare, ki davomnokii mushohida ziyod boshad, hamon an-
doza dalelhoi beshtar ba dast meoyand va ehtimoliyati
bahoi tasodufi dodan bartaraf megardad; - bo tavsifi zuhuroti berunii hodisa mahdud
nashuda, tabiati psikhologi va asosi ilmii onro oshkor
namoyad; - yake az talaboti muhim hagomi mushohidai makhfi –
in pinhon nigoh doshtani ravandi on az mushohidashavan-
da meboshad, zero tasiri nazorati beruna doimo
tagyiryobii raftorro ba vujud meovarad.
Mushohidai tadqiqoti az rui tartibi muqarrargar-
dida guzaronida meshavad va on az chunin davraho iborat
ast: 1) muayyan kardani predmeti mushohida (raftori
tadqiqshavanda), obekti mushohida (fard yo guruhi
alohida) va vaziyate, ki mushohida boyad dar on surat gi-
rad; 2) intikhobi usuli (namudi) mushohida va tarzi
baqaydgirii on; 3) tartib dodani barnoma yo naqshai mu-
shohida (vaziyat, obekt, vaqt); 4) intikhobi metodi kor-
kardi natijaho; 5) korkardabaroi va sharhi malumoti
badastovardashuda.
CHunin rohhoi baqaydgirii dalelhoi mushohida
mavjudand: 1) ruznomai mushohida; 2) protokoli pay dar
pay; 3) protokoli standarti yo khronometraj. Dar zamoni
muosir az vositahoi tekhnikii qaydi malumoti mu-
shohida (videonavor, suratgiri va sabti sado) niz isti-
foda burdan mumkin ast.
Afzaliyati metodi mushohida
dar on ifoda meyobad, ki on nisba-
tan sodda va dastras buda, mavod va
tajhizoti ziyodro talab namekunad.
Ammo on az kambudiho niz kholi
nabuda, yak qator norasoiho dorad,
az jumla:
- vaqti ziyodro talab mekunad,
chunki zuhuroti raftori mu-
shohidashavandaro intizor shudan
lozim meoyad; - ba tasiroti subektivi
beshtar dastras ast, zero az idroki
mushohid vobastagii ziyod dorad; - dar baze mavrid, khususan
hangomi mushohidai makhfi
masalahoi huquqi va akhloqiro ba
miyon meovarad, chunki be ogohnamoi
va ijozati mushohidashavanda
amali meshavad.
| Rasmi 2. Namunai avva- lin tajhizoti eksperi- menti psikhologi: a – este- ziometri Spirman; b – takhistoskopi J.M. Ket- tel; v – khronoskopi Gipp |
Eksperimanti psikhologi. Eks-
periment yo ozmoishi psikhologi me-
todi asosii tadqiqoti psikhologi
ba shumor meravad. Donishhoi ob-
ektivi va nazariyahoi ilmii psikho-
logi mahz bar asosi natijahoi in
metod ustuvorand. Asosguzori eks-
perimenti psikhologi olim – tabi-
atshinosi nemis G.T. Fekhner (1801-
1887) shumorida meshavad, ki du
dahsola qabltar az tasisyobii oz-
moishgohi Vundt yak qator metodhoi
eksperimentalii psikhologiro kor
karda baromada bud, ammo az
tarikh malum ast, ki ozmoishi psikhologi az jonibi mu-
tafakkironi zamoni peshin, az jumla Abuali ibni Sino
niz istifoda burda shudaast.
Psikhologi rus V.N.Drujinin eksperimenti psikho-
logiro tarif doda, chunin qayd kardaast: «in faoliyati
yakjoyai ozmudashavanda va ozmoishgar ast, ki az jonibi
ozmoishgar tashkil doda shuda, ba tadqiqi khususiyathoi
psikhikai ozmudashavanda ravona megardad».
Mohiyati metodi ozmoishro ba tavri suni ba vujud
ovardani vaziyati baroi zohirshavi, omuzish va
bahodihii khususiyati dodashuda muvofiq tashkil medihad,
yane hangomi on tadqiqotchi bar khilofi metodi mu-
shohida zuhuroti raftorro intizor nashuda, vaziyati ba-
roi zohirshavii on zaruriro ba vujud meovarad. Az in
nuqtai nazar, ozmoish dar muqoisa bo mushohida metodi
faol ast. «Mushohida on chizero jam meovarad, ki tabi-
at ba u peshkash kardaast, tajriba boshad chizi zaruriro
khudash az tabiat megirad», navishta bud fiziologi rus
I.P.Pavlov. (Pavlov I. P. Poln. sobr. soch., t. II, kn. 2.
M., 1951, s. 274).
Tadqiqotchi khudash vaziyati baroi tadqiqot zaruri-
ro ba vujud ovarda, yak qator imkoniyathoro sohib mesha-
vad. Avvalan, vaqt sarfa karda meshavad, badan, omuzish
va idorai tasiri sharoit imkonpazir megardad. Soniyan,
vobasta ba imkoniyati ivaznamoii sharoit (masalan,
tagyir dodani suporish yo sharti vazifai dar nazdi ozmu-
dashavanda guzoshtashuda) imkoniyati oshkor sokhtani voba-
stagihoi sababu natijavii hodisahoi psikhiki ba vujud
meoyad. Inchunin dar tadqiqoti eksperimentali takror ba
takror guzaronidani tajriba imkonpazir ast, ki ustu-
vori va asosnokii malumoti badastovarashudaro sobit yo
inkor karda metavonad. Badan ozmoishro metavon dar yak
vaqt bo miqdori ziyodi ozmudashavandagon barguzor
namud.
Vobasta ba tartibi tashkil va barguzorii eksperi-
ment du namudi asosii onro farq mekunand: eksperimenti
laboratori va eksperimenti tabii.
Tadqiqot hangomi eksperimenti laboratori dar oz-
moishgohi psikhologi, bo yorii dastgohhoi makhsus barguzor
megardad. Ozmudashavanda ogoh ast, ki bo u ozmoish guza-
ronida meshavad va az rui dasturi peshnihodshavanda amal
mekunad (bazan maqsadi aslii ozmoish ba ozmudasha-
vandagon oshkor karda nameshavad). Ozmoishi laboratori
dar omuzishi unsurhoi mukhtalifi faoliyati psikhiki, az
jumla dar tadqiqi protsesshoi sensori (ehsos), persep-
tivi (idrok), mnemiki (khotir), intelektuali (tafakkur,
aql), motori (harakat, aksulamalho), irodavi va kharakte-
rologi vase istifoda burda meshavad.
Dar mavridi eksperimenti tabii sharoiti
bavujudovardashuda ba muhiti muqarrarii hayoti ozmuda-
shavandagon monand buda, mazmuni tabiii faoliyati
onhoro nigoh medorad va bo in khususiyati khud imkoniyat
medihad, ki tasiri sharoiti nav ba psikhikai ozmudasha-
vanda bartaraf karda shavad. Eksperimenti tabii bori
avval soli 1910 az jonibi A.F.Lazurskiy (1874-1917) ba-
roi omuzishi shakhsiyati maktabbachagon kor karda baroma-
da shudaast. In shakli ozmoishi psikhologiro ba namudhoi
gunoguni faoliyati odam: bozi, talim, mehnat tatbiq
namuda, unsurhoi psikhikaro dar shakli tabii va dar ra-
vandi taraqqiyotashon omukhtan mumkin ast, zero chi tavre,
ki malum ast, psikhika dar jarayoni faoliyat zohir me-
shavad va inkishof meyobad.
Hamchunin eksperimenti konstativi (muqarrarku-
nanda) va tashakkuldihandaro farq mekunand. Eksperi-
menti konstatavi ba muqarrarkunii aloqahoi dar ra-
vandi inkishofi psikhiki shaklgirifta ravona gardida-
ast, yane hangomi on khususiyati alohidai psikhiki muayyan
va sathi inkishofi on muqarrar karda meshavad. Eksperi-
menti tashakkuldihanda boshad imkoniyat medihad, ki khu-
susiyathoi chunin potsesshoi psikhiki, ba monandi idrok,
khotir, tafakkur va gayra maqsadnok tashakkul doda sha-
vand. Talimot dar borai eksperimenti psikhologi – peda-
gogii tashakkuldihanda ba olimi rus V.V.Davidov taal-
luq dorad.
Hangomi guzaronidani eksperiment durust
banaqshagirii on ahamiyati muhim dorad. Banaqshagirii
ananavi va omilii eksperimentro farq mekunand. Dar
holati banaqshagirii ananavi zuhuroti psikhiki dar ze-
ri tasiroti yagona omukhta meshavad va hangomi banaqsha-
girii omili boshad, omilhoi tasirrasonanda va sharo-
ithoi tasir tagyirpazir va ivazshavandaand. Bartarii
banaqshagirii omili dar on ifoda meyobad, ki hangomi on
imkoniyati baho dodan ba tasiroti baynihamii omilho
va zuhuroti omukhtashavanda imonpazir ast.
Ravandi tashkil va guzaronidani eksperimenti psi-
khologi tartibi muayyan doshta, az chunin davraho iborat
ast: 1) omodagi. Eksperimentator joi barguzorii ozmoish
va tajhizoti zaruriro omoda menamoyad. Agar dasturi ba
ozmudashavanda peshnihodshavanda murakkab boshad, pas
yakchand ozmoishi sanjishi gazaronida meshavand. Nishon-
dodi ozmoish tartib doda meshavad, ki on boyad az jum-
lahoi soddai har kadome doroi na ziyodtar az 11 kalima
iborat boshad. Qismathoi muhimi nishondod boyad bo sar-
khat judo karda shavand. Fahmidashavandagi va soddagii
nishondodi tartibdodashudaro bo rohi sanjishi peshaki
dar 5-10 ozmudashavanda taftish kardan lozim ast; 2)
peshnihodi nishondod va maromnoksozii ozmudasha-
vandaho. Nishondod ba ozmudashavandaho peshnihod karda
meshavad va on boyad unsuri maromnokkunanda doshta
boshad. Bo in maqsad peshnihodi pardokhti mablagi mua-
yyan, akhborot dar borai qobiliyatho va khususiyathoi shakhsi,
yori dar halli mushkiloti shakhsii psikhologi va monandi
inhoro istifoda burdan mumkin ast; 3) barguzorii eks-
periment. Pesh az hama ba mukallafi, holati salomati va
khohishmandii ozmudashavanda ba ishtirok dar ozmoish
bovari hosil namudan lozim ast. Amaliyoti khudi eksperi-
mentator niz az rui barnoma surat megirad va u boyad bo
dasture, ki paihamii amaliyoti uro muayyan mekunand,
tamin boshad. Dar ravandi ozmoish ishtiroki yovar niz
zarur ast, u ijroi korhoi fari (yorirason)- ro ba zima
megirad. Vazifahoi asosii yovar odatan az pur kardani
protokoli ozmoish, az jumla baqaydgirii javobhoi ozmu-
dashavanda, mushohidai raftor va holati ozmudashavanda,
nazorati har guna tamoyulho az tartibi standartii ozmo-
ish, hamchunin nazorat az boloi kori tajhizoti istifo-
dashavanda iborat ast; 4) Musohibai pasazozmoishi. Pas
az anjomi ozmoish bo ozmudashavanda suhbat guzaronida,
dar borai taassuroti u pursidan zarur ast. Bo in maqsad,
odatan anketahoi muayyan istifoda burda meshavand. Dar
okhir baroi ishtirok dar ravandi eksperiment ba ozmuda-
shavandagon tashakkur guftan lozim ast.
CHunone, ki qayd gardid, bartarii metodi eksperi-
menti psikhologi asosan dar sarfai vaqt va idorasha-
vandagii vaiyat ifoda meyobad, ki in albatta afzaliyati
buzurg ast, vale metodi eksperiment niz az kambudiho
kholi nest, az jumla:
- ozmudashavanda az ravandi ozmoish ogoh ast va in
khoh – nokhoh ba raftori u tasir merasonad; - eksperimentator bevosita dar ravandi ozmoish
ishtirok mekunad va maqsadguzorivu intizorihoi u az oz-
moish khoh – nokhoh dar amalu raftor va nutqi u ifoda yof-
ta, ba in vosita ba ozmudashavanda tasir merasonand; - ozmoish zaminai muayyani moddi va tekhnikiro talab
mekunad va vobasta ba in baze mushkilotro pesh meova-
rad.
