Psikhika hamchun predmeti tadqiqoti

Psikhika mafhumi markazii psikhologiya meboshad. Az qadimulayyom mutafakkiron dar
atrofii mazmunu mohiyat va tabiati in mafhum bahsu munozira menamoyand. Mubohi-
soni in masala asosan az du mavqe, mavqei idealisti va mavqei materialisti baromad mekunand. Idealiston az zamoni Aflotun va qabl az on to imruz davo dorand, ki
ideya, ruh, psikhika az azal vujud dosht va on olami materialiro ofarid. Psikhologiyai idealisti bo organizm va sharoithoi hayot vobasta budani psikhikaro inkor mekunad. Materialiston boshand az Demokrit va Arastu to in zamon isror mekunand, ki ashyo, materiya avvalin buda, ruh, psikhika mahsuli on meboshad. Afkori idealisti va materialisti to zamoni mo taqriban barobar inkishof yoftaand, vale az asri XIX sar karda, dar asosi kashfi yak qator qonunhoi tabiat bartarii materializm mushohida meshud. Darajai olii taraqqiyoti materializm, materializmi dialektiki meboshad, ki dar asosi aqidahoi tahavvulotii
CH.Darvin az jonibi faylasufoni nemis K.Marks va F. Engels kor karda baromada shudaast. Materializmi dialektiki dar zamoni muosir hamchun asosi falsafii hama ilmho, az jumla psikhologiya donista meshavad. Muvofiqi talimoti materializmi dialektiki, ashyo, materiya avvalin buda, psikhika va shuur mahsuli on meboshand. Hamin tavr psikhika khosiyati ashyo ast, ammo on na ba hama ashyo, balki tanho ba ashyoi dar darajai olii taraqqiyot qarordoshta, yane magzi sar khos ast. Faylasufi rus V.I.Lenin qayd kardaast, ki: «tamomi ashyo khosiyati inikosro sohiband», vale hamzamon qayd kardan lozim ast, ki chi va chi tavr inikos namudan az darajai taraqqiyoti sistemai inikoskunanda vobasta meboshad. Dar robita bo in se namudi asosii inikos farq karda meshavad: fiziki, fiziologi va psikhiki.

Inikosi fiziki khosi tamomi ashyo, az jumla tabiati gayrizinda ast. Ba on misol shuda metavonad inikosi ravshani, sado va gayra. Inikosi fiziologi tanho ba mavjudoti zinda khos ast, masalan ru ba oftob harakat kardani guli oftobparast, az tasiri angeza ba hayajon
omadani hujayrai asabi va gayra. Inikosi psikhologi boshad tanho ba on mavjudoti zinda khos ast, ki doroi uzvi inikoskunanda- magzi sar meboshand. Misoli in namudi inikos obrazi ashyo, hodisa, hissiyot va monandi inho meboshad, ki dar tasavvuroti mo vujud dorand. Inikosi psikhiki tabiati infirodiro doshta, tarkib va mazmuni on dar odam az sinnu sol, tajribai hayoti va tarbiyai u vobasta ast. Hamin tavr materializmi dialektiki sobit namud,
ki mahz inikosi psikhiki yo psikhika boyad mavzui bahsi psikhologiya boshad. Durust ast, ki mafhumi psikhologiya dar zamoni muosir niz dar fahmishi umumi chun «ilm dar borai psikhika (ruh)» donista meshavad, Vale aknun khudi mafhumi «psikhika» mazmunu mohiyati khudro komilan digar namudaast.On ayni zamon chun inikosi subektivii olami obektivi yo obrazi idealii haqiqati reali baho doda meshavad. Psikhika aknun na «soyai bejism», na substansiyai alohida, balki khosiyati ashyoi ba darajai oli tashakkulyofta, yane khosiyati magzi sar ast. Hamin tavr, psikhika funksiyai magzi sar ast, ki dar inikos namudani
olami ihotakarda ifoda meyobad. Hudi psikhika mafhumi mujarrad buda, ba arifati
hissi dastnoras ast. Ammo on dar raftor va faoliyati subekt dar se shakli hodisahoi psikhiki zohir meshavad. SHaklhoi zuhuroti psikhika- in protsesshoi marifati, holathoi ruhi va khususiyathoi fardi-psikhologi meboshand. Dar zeri protsesshoi marifati yak qator unsurhoi psikhika fahmida meshavand, ki subekt tavassuti onho olami atrof, ashyovu hodisot, jamiyat, qonunhoi tabiat, jamiyat va inchunin khudro donista megirad, yane mari-
fat mekunad. In unsurho diqqat, ehsos, idrok, khotir, tafakkur, khayol va gayra meboshand.

Holathoi ruhi zuhuroti psikhikiero ifoda mekunand, ki zaminai emotsionalii munosibati subektro bo ashyo va hodisoti olami ihotakarda tavsif medihand. Ba onho emotsiyaho, hissiyot va gayra mansuband. Hususiyathoi fardi-psikhologi boshand, on guruhi zuhuroti psikhikiro muttahid mekunand, ki tafovuti infirodii raftoru faoliyati subektro dar vaziyathoi gunogun ifoda mekunand. In se shakli zohirshavii psikhika onro ba omuzishi obektivi dastras megardonand. Ammo omuzishi obektivi naboyad bo sharhi hodisa mahdud
shavad, on boyad qonuniyat va mekhanizmhoi zuhuroti hodisaro niz oshkor sozad. Hamin tavr, predmeti ilmi psikhologiyaro konuniyathoi paydoish, tarakkiyot va zuhuroti
psikhika tashkil medihad. Vobasta ba on, ki ba zuhuroti psikhiki omilhoi gunogun, az qabili ashyo, hodisot va vaziyatho tasir rasonida metavonand, psikhologiya baroi ba dast ovardani dalelu burhoni ilmi doir ba predmeti tadqiqotiash tamomi in omilhoro mavridi omuzish qaror medihad. Az in ru, obekti ilmi psikhologiya – in majmui zuhuroti omukhtashavandai hakikati atrof meboshad, ki bo psikhika
alokai mutakobila dorand. Dar bayni in zuhurot raftor va faoliyat mafhumhoi asosiand, vale in du mafhum az jonibi ilmhoi digar, ba monandi fiziologiya,
jomeashinosi, ilmi akhloq va gayra niz mavridi omuzish qaror giriftaand. Az in ru, qayd kardan lozim ast, ki har yaki in ilmho janbai alohidavu muayyani raftorro mutobiq ba predmeti tadqiqoti khud daryoft va tadqiq mekunand. Agar fiziologiya funksiyai uzvhoi organizmro hangomi ijroi amalu raftor va faoliyat, mekhanizmhoi ijroi amal, jomeashinosi va ilmi akhloq ahamiyati ijroishi raftoru faoliyatro omuzand, pas psikhologiya faoliyat va raftorro hamchun mekhanizmhoi zohirshavii psikhika baho doda, unsurhoi psikhiki va ahamiyatashonro dar taraqqiyoti minbadai psikhiki justuju mekunad, mekhanizmhoi tanzimi psikhikii onhoro oshkor menamoyad va gayra. Raftori subekti doroi psikhikai solim doimo az tasiri olami ihotakarda asos yoftaast. Olami berunaro
inikos namudaistoda, odam hamzamon ba tasiroti mukhtalifi on aksulamal zohir menamoyad va tavassuti nazorati shuurona raftori khudro ba sharoithoi muntazam
tagyiryobandai muhit mutobiq mesozad. Dar barobari in odam dar ravandi inkosi olami ihotakarda na tanho qonunhoi tabiatu jamiyatro marifat mekunad, balki onhoro baroi qanoatmand namudani talaboti moddiyu manavii khud istifoda mebarad. Dar faoliyati odam zuhuroti psikhiki pareshon va az hamdigar judo ba amal nameoyand. Onho bayni ham dar robitai zich qaror dorand. Dar ravandi tashakkuli odam hamchun azoi jamiyat, ham-
chun shakhsiyat, zuhuroti mukhtalifi psikhikii bayniham robitai mutaqobiladoshta tadrijan ba sokhtori psikhikii ustuvore tabdil meyoband, ki odam onro ba halli masalahoi hayotan muhimi peshoyanda ravona mekunad. Psikhikai inson mohiyatan az psikhikai hayvoni oli-
tarin ham bo on farq mekunad, ki unsuri olii nazoratkunanda, yane shuurro dorost. SHuur shakli olii inikosi psikhikii olami obektivi ast, ki dar kobiliyati khudnazoratii subekt ifoda meyobad. SHuur majmui donishhoi moro dar borai voqeiyat ifoda karda sohai darkshavandai psikhika ba shumor meravad. Psikhologi rus A.V.Petrovskiy chahor tavsifdihandai psikhologii shuurro bayon kardaast. Avvalan u
shuurro chun majmui donishho dida baromada, muhimtarin protsesshoi psikhikiro, ki dar jamovari va hifzi in donishho ishtirok mekunand ba sokhtori on shomil medonad. Tavsifdihandai duyumi shuur, ba aqidai olim, az jonibi on tafriqaguzori shudani subekt va obekt ast. Odam mahz tavassuti shuur fahmida metavonad, ki chi ba «man»-i vay taalluq dorad va chi ne. Tavsifdihandai seyum dar on ifoda meyobad, ki shuur taminkunandai
maqsadnokii raftori odam ast. Tavsifdihandai chahorum dar on ifoda meyobad, ki shuur barqarorkunanda va muayyankunandai munosibati odam bo voqeiyat ast. «Munosibati man bo muhiti atrofi man – in ast shuuri man»navishta bud K.Marks SHarti hatmii tashakkul va zohirshavii tamomi khususiyathoi dar bolo zikrgardidai shuur – zabon meboshad. Donishho tanho hangomi faoliyati nutqi hosil meshavand. Odam «man»-i khudro meshinosad va dar asosi donishhoi hosilshuda va judo namudani khud az olami atrof munosibati odam bo olami voqei ba vujud meoyad. Dar natija odam olamro marifat mekunad va raftori maqsadnok sodir menamoyad. Hanuz az davrai Leybnits mavjudiyati sohai beshuuri niz ayon gashta bud. Minbad talimotro dar borai beshuuri Z.Freyd va payravoni u inkishof dodand.
Ayni zamon dar asosi tanosubi shuur-beshuuri nazariyai freydizm yakchand darajai psikhikaro farq mekunad: Beshuuri- muhtavoi prinsipan ba shuur dastnorasi psikhika meboshad, ki maqsadguzorihoi arzishnoki nihoni, mavqegiriho, maromho va tarkiboti yadroi energetikii shakhsro muttahid mekunad. Zershuur- khotiroti fishorkhurdai emotsionaliest, ki metavonand bo yorii tekhnikai psikhoanaliz ba shuur dastras gardand.

Toshuuri- tarkibotest, ki dar holati zarurat metavonad ba osoni ba sohai shuur vorid shavad.

SHuur- muhtavoi fahmidashavandai psikhika meboshad, ki ba tanzimi irodavi tobe ast.