Psikhologiya dar asrhoi miyona

Tarikhi inkishofi donishhoi

psikhologi                  dar asrhoi miyona

davrai durudarozero dar bar
megirad: az asri V to asri XVI va nimai avvali asri
XVII. In davraro zamoni paydoishi taraqqiyot va pastra-
vii sokhti jamiyatii iqtisodi, feodali mehisoband. Fe-
odalizm dar davrahoi asrimiyonagi dar SHarq nisbat ba
Garb dida peshtar zuhur kard. Madaniyati Hitoy, Hindu-
arab, Eron va Osiyoi Miyona nisbat ba garb dida, peshtar
inkishof yoftaast. Mutaassifona, dar SHarq sharoithoi
muayyane ba vujud omadaand, ki in ba rafti taraqqiyoti
kapitalizm monea shudand va dar natija inkishof
tadrijan az SHarq ba Garb kuchidan girift.

In davraro har khel bahodihi menamoyand. Guma-
nistho in davraro zamoni «toriki» va «jaholat» nomi-
dand, vale mutafakkiri buzurg F.Engels onro zeri
tanqid girift. Dar asl, in davra mutafakkironi ziyodero
ba maydon ovard, az qabili Tomas Mor va Tomazo Kompa-
nella, R.Bekon, Abuali Sino, N.Kopernik, G.Galiley,
Umari Hayyom, Nizomi, Dante, SHekspir, Servantes va g.
Hamai in dalolat az on mekunad, dar in davra shakhsi-
yathoi maruf va varzida dar sohahoi gunogun ilm, adabi-
yot va sanat tashakkul yoftaand. Se din ( buddoi, islom va
nasroni) tahdobi ustuvorro ba vujud ovardand va jahon-
binii asrimiyonagi kharakteri diniro girift. Masjidho
instituti asosii din ba hisob meraftand.

Donishhoi psikhologi dar davrai feodalizmi evro-
poi niz inkishof meyoftand va dar raviyai nominalizm
inikosi khudro paydo menamudand. Nominalizm bo ra-
viyai digari falsafi – realizm muboriza meburd. Har du
dar doirai skholastiki amal mekardand. Bahsi onho dar
masalai munosibati juz ba kull ba amal omada bud.
YAne, oyo kull mustaqil vujud dorad, yo sohibi hastii
alohida ast, yo dar ashyoi alohida vujud dorad, va oyo tabia-
ti jismiro dorost yo ne?

YAke az namoyandagoni davrai asrimiyonagi rohibi
dominikani Fomai Akvini (1226-1274) bud. U murattibi
skholastikai ortodoksali donista meshavad. Ba aqidai
Foma, ruh yagona doroi hasti ast va az jism judo meboshad.
Ruh sarchashmai harakati jism ast.

Fomai Akvini marifati tabii va favquttabiiro
farq mekunad. Marifati tabiiin donistagirii haqiqat
tufayli ehsosho va aql meboshad. Dar in ravand naqshi
uzvhoi botiniyu beruni kalon ast. Ehsos amali uzvi badan
ast – chashm, gush va gayra, ki inikosi alohidai hodi-
sahoro tamin menamoyad. Aql natijai amali yagon uzv
nest. Aql marifati odamro vase namuda, darajai
hiskuniro baland mebardorad va inikosi jambastii
hodisahoro mekunad. Foma, umuman modarzodi budani
donishhoro rad namuda, vale dodashuda budani bazei
onhoro etirof mekard, az qabili aksiomahoi matema-
tiki, ki onhoro janinhoi donish nomida, az jonibi judo
doda shudanashonro takid mekard. Fomai Akvini shuur-
ro yake az mekhanizmhoi marifat mehisobad. Ba qavli u,
dar ruhi inson yak quvvae ast va onro «intensiya» (sukhani
botini) nomid, ki on ba amali idroku marifat raviyai
khosro medihad.

Minbad ba tufayli taraqqiyoti sanoat, savdo,
bahrnavardi, kori harbi, yane ba sharofati taraqqi yof-
tani istehsoloti moddi-sohahoi tekhnika, tabiatshinosi,
matematika va mekhanika inkishof yoft. Hamai in talab
mekard, ki boyad khirad az skholastika raho yofta, ba darki
ilmii olam va odam ru ovarad. Hamin tavr, davrai ehyo yo
khud tajaddud ba vujud omad.

Namoyandai avvalini in davra R.Bekon (1214-1292)
bud, ki naqshi tajriba va mushohidaro dar rafti mari-
fat baland bardoshtaast. Ba aqidai u, tajriba imkoniyati
marifat namudani jismro dorad, vale dar donistagirii
ruh in qudratro nadorad. Baroi marifati ruh chizi di-
gare zarur ast, chun ilhom, ki imkoniyati donista gi-
riftani onro dihad.

Davrai ehyo yo khud tajaddud mafhumi «gumanizm»-ro ba
maydoni ilm ovard va az in ru in davraro «Kashfiyoti
odam» nomidand. Gumanistho Nikolai Kuzani (1401-
1464), A.Dante (1265-1321). F.Petrarka (1304-1374) ideyai
gumanizmro targib va qudrati marifati insonro takid
menamudand. Ba andeshai N.Kuzani, inson bo vositai
faoliyati ejodii magzi sari khud ba khudo yak nav shabohat
dorad.

Dar sohai mekhanika va matematika, astronomiya
kashfiyothoi gunogun (N.Kopernik, I.Kepler, J.Bruno,
G.Galiley) ba amal omadand. Ba aqidai onho, boyad
qonunho, hodisahoi voqei, protsessho tahlil gardand va
mohiyati onho oshkor karda shavand, chunki tabiat mahz ba
qonunho itoat mekunad. Hamin tavr, tafakkuri ilmi in-
kishof meyobad va protsessi marift namudan tufayli
tajribaho surad megirad.

Skholasthoi nemis R. Goklenius va O.Kassman bori
avval (1590) mafhumi «psikhologiya»-ro istifoda burdand
va in az on shahodat medihad, ki dar on davra ba
masalahoi psikhologi tavajjuh va shavqu havasi khosae
zohir namudaand.