Raqobatpazirii Sarmoyai zehni

Dar sharoiti manavikunoni, intellektualikunonii iqtisodiyot sohai sanoatii khojagi az iqtisodiyoti donish qafo memonad. Hamzamon dar barobari on sarmoyai insoni tadrijan ba sarmoyai zehni gashta, mehnat bo ejodiyot ivaz karda meshavad. Bo vujudi in, asosi sarmoyai zehniro donishhoi zehni tashkil medihand. Binobar in raqobatpazirii iqtidori insoni dar hama sohahoi faoliyati onho paydo shuda, dar navbati avval ba tamini raqobatpazirii tekhnologi, ki dar asosi on bartariyati zakhirahoi donishhoi tekhnologi, mehnatI, sarmoyaguzori, tashkiliyu idorakuniro dar bar giriftaast, muvofiqat mekunad. In donishho bayni ham aloqamandii zich doshta, tavassuti zakhiraho va iqtidori insoni muayyan megardand.

Dar Tojikiston baroi samaranok noil gardidan ba maqsadhoi guzoshtashuda dar doirai Strategiyai millii rushd to davrai soli 2015 dar qatori afzaliyathoi millii rushdi nerui insoni, ki asosan ba afzoishi hajm va sifati khizmatrasonii ijtimoi ba aholii kambizoat va noil shudan ba maqsadhoi rushdi hazorsola, faolnokii ishtiroki aholi dar ravandi inkishof, tahkimi shariki ijtimoi nigaronida shuda, muayyan karda shudaast.

Raqobatpaziri darajai asosii iqtisodiyoti hozirazamon va sharti muhimi amaligardonii muttahidshavii kishvar ba khojagii besh az pesh jahonishudaistodai dunyavi meboshad. Muttahidshavii amiqi mamlakat bo khojagii jahoni manoi ba majroi asosii rushdi jahoni dokhilshavii onro dorad. Davlathoe, ki dar khojagii jahoni dar yak saf buda nametavonand, khud az khud dar qismati karakhtii iqtisodi va ijtimoi memonand. Tashakkul dodani iqtisodiyoti farogiranda, ki bo rishtahoi moliyavi, istehsoli, tijorati, tekhnologii bo ham payvasta va yakjoamalkunandai sarhadhoro bemonea uburkunanda payvast meshavand, sharoiti mavjudiyati davlathoi judogonaro kullan digargun mesozad.

Az in ru, khoh nokhoh masalai ahamiyati raqobatpaziri, darajahoi bahoguzori, omilhoi tamin kardani on ba miyon meoyad. Dar adabiyoti iqtisodii sershumor, ba korhoi ilmii solhoi okhir dar borai raqobatpazirii iqtisodiyoti kishvar, mekhanizmhoi gunoguni tamini on dakhl karda meshavad, vale mohiyati raqobatpazirihamchun kategoriya dar nazariyai iqtisodi purra muayyan karda nashudaast. Bo vujudi in raqobatpaziri dar sharoithoi vaseshavii khamgiroi va aloqahoi baynalkhalqii davlatho dar khojagii jahoni darajai hamatarafa farogiranda dar nizomi bozorgoni khohad shud.

Dar muayyan kardani mohiyati raqobatpaziri donistani mafhumi «raqobat» (konkurensiya), manoi dar yagon sahna raqobat kardani shakhsoni alohidaro, ki maqsadi yagona dorand, doshta boshad. Dar miqyosi vasetar raqobatpaziri muborizai sharikoni hamkor baroi ba dast ovardani qismi ziyodtari daromad, bozori furush, sarchashmahoi ashyoi khom va gayraro mefahmonad.

Dar sharoiti muttahidshavii payvastai iqtisodiyoti jahoni mafhumi «raqobatpazirii baynalkhalqi» istifodai vase paydo kard, ki hangomi bahodihiho ba har yak davlat dar nizomi khojagii jahoni istifoda meshavad. Baroi ijroi on yakchand usulho mavjudand. Hamchunin se markazi asosie mavjud meboshad, ki bo masalahoi raqobatpaziri mashguland. Donishgohi Garvard (IMA), Forumi umumijahonii iqtisodii Davos (Nufuzi Davos) va Donishkadai rushdi menejmenti London.

Az jonibi Forumi umumijahonii iqtisodii Davos 90 nishondihanda, ki dar 9 guruh muttahid karda shudaand, ba nazar girifta meshavad. Bo dasturi Donishkadai London boshad, 320 nishondihanda va bahoi eksperti bahoguzori meshavad. Dar in dastur majmui nishondihandaho, ki vaziyati mamlakatro dar nizomi nufuzijahoni muayyan mekunad, peshnihod shudaast. Dar bayni onho ba nishondihandahoi muhimi makroiqtisodi, monandi hajmi istehsoloti mahsuloti dokhili, surati afzoishi on, istehsoli mahsulot ba har yak nafari aholi bahoguzori meshavad.

Iqtisodiyoti raqobatpazirro be iqtidori raqobatpazirii insoni tasavvur kardan dushvor ast. Zakhirahoi insoniro ba yake az omilhoi asosii taraqqiyoti millivu jahoni mansub donistan lozim ast. Tahqiqi iqtidori insoni solhoi okhir vusat yofta istodaast. Dar barobari in jabhahoi gunoguni on, az jumla nishondihandahoi demografi beshtar mavridi tahqiqqaror dorand. CHunin tahqiqi yaktarafa ba nazari mo on qadar qobili qabul nest. Iqtidori demografi beshubha yak qismi iqtidori insonist va tashakkuli afzoishi onro nishon medihad. Az in nuqtai nazar miqdori muayyankunandahoi shumorai aholi, sokhtorhoi on ahamiyati muhim kasb mekunand. Ammo dar sharoiti muttahidshavii muntazami baynalkhalqi sifati navi iqtidori insoni ahamiyati avvalindarajaro sohib meshavad.

Muvofiqi Tavsiyahoi Sozmoni baynalkhalqii mehnat (SBM) №195 «Dar borai rushdi zakhirahoi insoni: tahsilot, tayyor kardani kadrho va tahsiloti muttasil», ki dar Konfronsi generalii SBM (sh. Jeneva, 1 iyuni soli 2004) qabul gardidaast, gufta meshavad, ki «tahsilot, tayyor kardani kadrho va tahsiloti muttasil ba tamini manfiathoi shahrvandoni judogona, muassisaho, iqtisodiyot va umuman jamiyat mutanosiban bo chunin nuqtahoi muhim hamchun mashguliyati purra, az bayn burdani benavoi, tamini muttahidshavii ijtimoi va afzoishi muntazami iqtisodiyot dar sharoiti jahonishavii on sahmi munosib meguzorand».

Dar in Tavsiyanomai SBM maqsadhoi nihoii inkishofi zakhirahoi insoni, nerui on aniq nishon doda shudaand va onho samthoi asosii tashakkuli bosifati nerui insoniro muayyan namuda, sifati navi onro tamin mekunand. Onho baroi bahodihii miqdori nerui insoni dar asosi barnomai SMM, hisobothoi harsolai afzoishi odamon va nishondihandai rivoji insoniro istifoda mebarand. Istifodai in nishondihandaho imkon medihad, ki nufuzi davlatho dar iqtisodiyoti jahonishuda az rui davomnokii miyonai umri aholi, holati salomatii onho (ki az rui andozai kharojothoi bevositai tibbi muayyan meshavad), savodnokii aholi, hajmi istehsolii dokhili ba har yak nafari aholi rost meomada, muayyan karda shavad. Dar asosi konsepsiyai zamonavii iqtidori insoni sifati navi iqtidori insoni va tamini raqobatpazirii on dar sharoithoi muttahidshavii baynalkhalqi va jahonishavii iqtisodiyot boyad ba nazar girifta shavand.

Ba nazar giriftan lozim ast, ki amaligardonii konsepsiyai mehnati arzanda boyad baroi korgaron, dar kujoe, ki naboshad, yake az masalahoi asosii BM meboshad. Dar barobari in, ba nazari mo nuqtai muhim on ast, ki zeri mafhumi «mehnati arzanda» chi dar nazar doshta shudaast. Mehnati arzanda ba fikri mo in kori doimi muvofiqi joi purrai kori meboshad, ki ba talabothoi kasbii kormand javobgu boshad, ki u metavonad imkoniyathoi kasbii khudro bo ruhiyai balandi mehnati va hissi qanoatmandi dar sharoithoi musoid va hifzi bekhatarii mehnat va muzdi baland purra istifoda burda tavonad.

Baroi in zarur ast, ki mavqe va nishondihandahoi raqobatpazirii iqtidori insoni, ki ba inkishofi zakhirahoi insoni baho doda metavonand, intikhob karda shavad. Bahodihi ba raqobatpazirii iqtidori insoni az rui in nishondihandahoi muayyani vaziyati baamalomada va darajai raqobatpazirii iqtidori insoni bahoguzori meshavand. Minbad balandshavii raqobatpazirii iqtidori insoni az bisyor jihat ba tasiri baynihamdigarii omilhoi onro taminkunanda vobasta meboshand, ki iborat az:

1. rushdi bosuboti iqtisodiyoti mamlakat;
2. sarmoyaguzori ba sarmoyai insoni;
3. islohoti maorif, tayyorkunii kasbi va jori kardani tahsiloti muttasil;
4. aznavtashkildihii nizomi tayyor kardani kadrho bo malumoti miyonai kasbi;
5. tamini dastrasi ba mehnati arzanda bo muzdi baland;
6. tayyor kardani kadrhoi balandikhtisos baroi sohahoi tekhnologiyai darajai balandi iqtisodiyot;
7. tashkili nerui bo kor taminkuni dar bozori dokhilii mehnat;
8. tamini afzaliyathoi raqobatpazir dar bozori jahonii mehnat;
9. tahsilot va tahsili muttasili kadrho bo nazardoshti azkhudkunii na kamtar az se zabon, zaboni davlati, zaboni rusi va zaboni anglisi.

Tasiri baynihamdigarii omilhoi mazkur hangomi az tarafi davlat tanzim namudani onho bo sifati nav va balandshavii raqobatpaziri iqtidori insoni musoidat menamoyad, ki manoi ba dast ovardani hosilnokii balandi mehnat va shugl, afzudani talabot ba zakhirahoi insoni dar bozorhoi       dokhili va berunii mehnatro mefahmonad.

Tamini raqobatpazirii iqtidori insonii Tojikiston dar sohai vusatnoki shugl va dar bozori mehnat pesh az hama az jihati muayyan kardani mavqei jumhuri dar taqsimoti baynalkhalqii mehnat imkonpazir ast. In manoi makhsusgardoni va tagyirdihii sohahoro bo nazardoshti jori kardani istehsoli mahsulot va khizmatrasoni dar asosi tekhnologiyai navini raqobatpazirro dorad. Dar in samt islohoti maorif, aznavtashkilkunii tayyorii kasbii miyona va tahsiloti muttasili kadrho hatmist.

Nobarobarii talabot va peshnihodi quvvai kori az rui nishonahoi sifati, khususan dar bozori mehnati javonon va zanon ayon megardad va ba khatmkunandagoni muassisahoi talimi dushvoriho pesh meorand, ki sababgori asosii bekorii javonon va zanon megardad.

Dar navbati avval zarur ast, ki raqobatpaziri dar sohai shugl va bozori mehnat dar asosi balandbardorii kasbii quvvai kori muvofiqi talaboti bozor tamin karda shavad. Balandshavii raqobatpazirii iqtidori insoni, afzoishi shuglnoki va pastshavii darajai bekori meyori muhimi raqobatpazirii iqtisodiyoti milli dar majmu meboshad.

Lahzai muayyankunanda dar halli muammohoi in samt islohoti maorif va ilm, qabuli chorahoi nizomi oid ba baland bardoshtani sifati talimi tomaktabi, umumi, miyonai kasbi va oli dar Tojikiston meboshad, ki ba baland bardoshtani sifati tayyor kardani kadrho va raqobatpazirii onho musoidat mekunad.

Tamini raqobatpazirii quvvai kori manoi ba dast ovardani hunari oli dar asosi faro giriftani har yak kormand ba «nizomi talim baroi tamomi umr», sohibi tajribai kaloni kori shudanro dorad. Tanho bo in roh imkon dorad talabotro dar bozori dokhili va jahonii mehnat qone namuda, baroi shuglnoki imkon paydo gardad. Dar ayni zamon guzarish az usuli peshinai rohbarii kadrho ba idorakunii zakhirahoi insoni, ki yake az sokhtorhoi muhimi menejmenti muassisaho meboshad, amali gardonida meshavad. Tadrijan tagyiryobii siyosati kadrho, idorakunii tobeon va tashakkuli konsepsiyai idorakunii zakhirahoi insoni hamchun sohai mustaqil va dar ayni zamon qismi tarkibii menejmenti korkhona va umuman iqtisodiyot amali megardad.

Ilmi menejment va amali gardonidani qarorhoi idorakuni dar hamai darajahoi iqtisodiyot tashkil kardani maktabi millii idorakuniro talab mekunad, ki dar strategiyai davlathoi beshtar raqobatpaziri dunyo ba nazar girifta shudaast. Tashkili markazhoi navi ilmi dar asosi hamkori bo markazhoi ilmii jahoni va markazhoi mahallii sohavi va akademii ilmi va tashkilotho bo peshnihod namudan dar nazardoshti sharoithoi imtiyoznok tasis dodani maktabi idorakunii milli imkonpazir ast. Dar barobari halli masoili idorakuni dar hamai zinahoi tahsiloti kasbi talimot dar sohai idorai zakhirahoi insoni ba roh monda shavad.