Toj.su
Dar nimai duyumi asri XIX baroi
tashakkulu inkishofi donishhoi
psikhologi sharoithoi musoidi
voqei ba amal omadand. Doir ba
N.YA.Grot menavisad, ki zuhuroti
hamaruza, yane baromadani osori nav doir ba masalahoi
psikhologi ba on fikr moro mebarad, ki ilmi psikhologiya
qobiliyati inkishofyobiro dorad va u in vositahoro sohib
ast. Doir ba in maala psikhologi rus G. I. CHelpanov dar
Sezda 1-umi Umumirossiyagii psikhonevrologho (1923)
doir ba mavzui « Oid ba zaminahoi psikhologiyai empiri-
kii muosir baromad kard va dar on judoshavii psikholo-
giyaro az ilmi falsafa takid namud. Judoshavii psikho-
logiya ba ilmi mustaqil solhoi 60-umi asri XIX vuqu
payvast. Bo paydoishi barnomahoi avvalini ilmi (V.
Vundt va I. M. Sechenov), tasisi muassisahoi makhsusi
ilmi-tadqiqoti-laboratoriyahoi psikhologi, institutho,
kafedraho dar maktabi oli imkoniyathoi mustaqilshavi
meafzud.
Anatom, fiziolog va patafiziologi anglis CHarlz
Bell (1774-1842) ba tavri eksperimentali muayyan namud,
ki dar bayni reshahoi pesh va aqiba harommagz az rui
funksiyahoyashon farqiyat vujud dorad: reshahoi pesh az
asabhoi tahrikdihanda iborat buda, vazifai harakat-
dihiro dorad, ammo reshahoi aqib boshad, khususiyati haso-
siro sohiband. In kashfiyot (1807) asosi anatomii halqai
reflektoriro tashkil dod. Muayyan gardid, ki harommagz
az rui halqai reflektori faoliyat mekunad. Barobari CH.
Bell fiziologi fransuz Majandi (1822) in masalaro
niz hamin tavr hal namud va ba hamin khotir in kashfiyot
muallifi dunomaro girift: qonuni Bell-Majandi.
Ioganes Myuller (1801-1858) yake az fiziologhoi
mashhur ba hisob rafta, uro hamchun asosguzori fiziolo-
giyai navin etirof namudaand. Dar kitobi khud «Dasturi
fiziologiyai odam» tabiati reflektori doshtani
harommagzro takid menamoyad. U peshnihod namud, ki har
yak uzvi hissi doroi energiyai khos meboshad. In talimot
az 10 qonun iborat ast. Panj uzvi hissi tufayli in ener-
giya amal mekunad. YAne, tasiroti beruni energiyai
uzvhoi hissiro ozod menamoyad, ki on dar uzvhoi hissi kho-
bidaastu takonro intizor ast. In mavqei ilmi dar on
davra mukholifini khudro paydo namud.
Veber E. H. (1795-1878)-anatom va fiziologi Do-
nishgohi Leypsig dar inkishofi fiziologiyai uzvhoi his-
si sahmi kalonro dorad. U doir ba lomisa tadqiqotho
burdaast va asarero ba nomi «Dar borai lomisa»
navishtaast. U dar ehsosi pusti se navi hisro judo namu-
daast: a) fishor yokhud rasish; b) harorati; v) lokalizatsiya
(mahdudshavi). Baroi omuzishi lokalizatsiya asbobi makh-
susero sokht va onro esteziometr nomid, ki hangomi tasi-
ri du angeza ba pust, agar az yakdigar dar masofae boshand,
gunogun his meshavand. In farqiyati hiskuni dar min-
taqahoi gunoguni pust har khel surat megirad. Hamin tavr,
qonuni farqiyati hassosi dar ehsos ba vujud omad.
G. Gelmgolts dar fiziologiya va makhsusan dar sohai
ehsosu idrok sahmi buzurgro guzoshtaast. U dar maqolai
«CHenkunii surati hayajoni asabi» (1850) qayd namudaast,
ki surati pahnshavii hayajon dar asabho takhminan 120
m/soniyaro tashkil medihad. Gelmgolts G. soli 1851 asbo-
bero sokht, ki tufayli on «qari chashm» tahqiq megardad
va onro oftalmoskop nomid. U bo tahqiqi ehsosi binoi
mashgul shuda, chunin silsilakorhoro nashr kard. «Opti-
kai fiziologi», «Talimot dar borai ehsosi shunavoi»
(1863). Dar onho tavsifi fizikii sado, anatomiya va fi-
ziologiyai shunavoi, nazariyai rezonansii shunavoi dar
aloqamandi bo masalahoi psikhologi tahlili ilmi karda
meshavand.
Dar okhiri asri H1H omuzishi anatomiya va fiziolo-
giyai magzi sar boz ham ravnaq yoft. Dukhturi avstriyagi
F.A.Gall ba tadqiqi morfologiyai magzi sar pardokht. U
bori avval nishon dod, ki moddai khokistarrangi qishr va
zerqishri magzi sarro az moddai safedi magzi sar boyad
farq kard. Uro tadqiqothoi digarash mashhur gardond va
makhsusan frenologiya. Dar sohai psikhologiya ba nazariyai
qobiliyatho takya namuda, peshnihod kard, ki dar magzi sar
uzvhoi in qobiliyatho mavjudand va miqdorand 27-to me-
boshand. In mintaqahoi qobiliyat kosakhonai sabzida, ko-
sakhonai sarro ba shakli dungiyu barjastagiho meovarand,
ki az rui onho qobiliyati insonro muayyan kardan mumkin
ast. Frenalogiyai F.Gall harchand raviyai bardurug boshad
ham, vale shavqu havasi ziyodi olamonro ba khud kashida
bud.
Minbad ideyai lokalizatsionizm mukholifoni khud-
ro paydo kard. Fiziologi fransuz, asosguzori fiziolo-
giyai eksperimentalii magzi sar Pyer Flurans (1794-
1867) zimni tadqiqotho muayyan namud. ki badi chandi gu-
zarishi vaqt, pas az nobud sokhtani nimkurahoi parran-
daho raftori onho boz ham barqaror megardad va in no-
vobasta az on ast, ki kadom qismi magzi sar nobud karda
shudaast. Soli 1861 az jonibi anatomi fransuz Brok mar-
kazi harakatii obrazhoi kalimaho kashf shud va hamon
sol psikhiatri nemis Vernike markazi obrazhoi sensorii
kalimahoro muayyan namud.
Boyad zikr kard, ki dar barobari metodi eksperi-
mentali nazariyai evolyutsioni niz ba inkishofi do-
nishhoi psikhologi tasiri khudro rasond. Muvofiqi guf-
ti psikhologi mashhuri rus S.L. Rubinshteyn, in prinsip
ba psikhologiya az rui du tasirbakhshi vorid gasht: falsa-
fai SHelling F. va G. Gegel, ki ideyai inkishof va tabi-
atshinosii evolyutsioniro peshnihod namudand. Sipas,
CHarlz Darvin dar sohai biologiya omuzishhoero ba anjom
rasond. ki onho dar zaminai qonunhoi evolyutsioni
bahodihi karda meshavand. U soli 1859 asarero navisht bo
nomi «Paydoishi namudho bo rohi intikhobi tabii» va
dar on khulosa mebarorad, ki tagyiryobii namudho zeri
qonunhoi evolyutsioni dar sharoiti muborizai moddahoi
organiki baroi vujudiyatashon ba amal meoyad. In sharhi
materialistii masalaro dosht, ki muvofiqi on
tadrijan mutobiqshavii organizmro ba tabiat ifoda me-
namud. Qonuni evolyutsiya dar psikhologiya masalai mua-
yyan kardani quvvahoi harakatdihandai inkishofi psikhi-
karo pesh guzasht. Zimni on raviyahoi navi tadqiq dar
psikhologiya zuhur kardand, chun omuzishi psikhologiyai hay-
vonot, psikhologiyai kudakon, psikhologiyai khalqiyatho va g.
Naqshi muhimro dar inkishofi donishhoi psikho-
logi psikhologiyai fiziologii V.Vundt (1832-1920) niz
bozidaast. U tadqiqothoi khudro dar sohai idrok ogoz
namud va zimni onho kitobero navisht bo nomi
«Ocherkhoi nazariyai idrok». V.Vundt soli 1879 dar uni-
versiteti Leypsig avvalin laboratoriyai psikhologiro
bunyod kard va du sol pas (1881) dar zaminai on Instituti
psikhologiyai eksperimentaliro tasis dod, ki on ba mar-
kazi umumijahonii tayyor kardani psikhologhoi jahoni
tabdil yoft. V.Vundt psikhologiyaro hamchun ilm dar borai
tajriba baho medihad va obektashro shuur medonad. U
eksperimentro metodi asosii tadqiqoti psikhologi
meshumorad. V. Vundt qayd mekunad, ki na hamai hodi-
sahoi psikhiki ba eksperiment doda meshavand. Eksperi-
ment dar doirai pratsesshoi odditarini psikhiki-ehsos,
idrok, tasavvurot, vaqti reaksiya, assotsiatsiyahoi oddi
va hiskuni maqbul ast. Funksiyahoi olii psikhiki va in-
kishofi psikhiki digar metodhoro talab mekunad va yake az
onho tahlili mahsuli ruhiyai inson ba shumor meravad, ki
on dar natijai muoshirati odamoni ziyod_ba amal meoyad.
In qismatro psikhologiyai khalqho nomid. U ba tasisi av-
valin majallai makhsusi «Tadqiqothoi psikhologi» asos
guzosht.
Dar barobari V.Vundt dar Rusiya bo barnomai ilmii
khud fiziolog I.M.Sechenov (1829-1905) baromad kard. U ba
masalai psikhika va vazifahoi asosii psikhologiya bo ta-
savvurothoi nav nazdik shud. Asarhoi mashhuri psikholo-
gii I.M.Sechenov inhoand: «Reflekshoi maynai sar»
(1863); «Psikhologiyaro chi tavr boyad korkard namud»
(1873); «Taassurot va voqeiyat» (1880); «Afkori predmeti
va voqeiyat» (1883). I.M.Sechenov dar kitobi khud «Re-
flekshoi maynai sar» qayd mekunad, ki donishhoi fizio-
logi dar halli masalahoi psikhologi naqshi muhim mebo-
zand. U nazariyai reflektoriro dar sharhi hodisahoi psi-
khiki tavsiya namud. Muvofiqi aqidai I.M.Sechenov,
qobiliyati idrokkuni dar asosi refleksho tufayli chunin
zinaho ba amal meoyad: tasiri beruni – guzarish ba
faoliyati markazi – amali javobi (harakat,
raftor,nutq).Hamin tavr ba khulosa meoyad, ki sababi av-
valini harguna raftor az hayajoni berunii hissi vobasta
ast.
I.M.Sechenov dar bobati predmeti psikhologiya qayd
mekunad, ki in talimot doir ba paydoishi faoliyathoi
psikhiki meboshad. U ba bemahsulii metodi introspeksiya
etibor doda, ideyai munosibati genetikiro dar psikholo-
giya targib menamoyad. Mushohida namudani kudak az ovoni
tavlid, munosibati u dar davrahoi gunoguni sinnusoli
bo muhiti beruna – asosi inkishofi psikhikii u ba shumor
meravad. I.M.Sechenov va talimoti u tasiri musbatro
dar inkishofi psikhologiyai jahoni niz guzoshtaast.
