SHARTNOMAI SOLI 1895CHAMBASTI SIYOSATI MUSTAMLIKADORI ROSSIYA

Dar asri XIX va avvali asri XX du davlati buzurg Angliya va Rossiya dar kholati ziddiyati dushmanona budand.
Dar barobari ba rokhi kapitalisti dokhil shudan, Rossiya ba Osiyoi Miyona beshtar diqqat medodagi shud, chunki kapitalizm be zabt kardani mamlakathoi begona taravdi karda nametavonist.
Siyosati mustamlikazabtkuni az nav avch, girift. Inro ba nazar girifta, mutlakiyati rus bo surati tez ba zabt kardani Osiyoi Miyona sar kardand. To tiramokhi soli 1873 karib tamomi Osiyoi Miyona az tarafi Rossiya zabt karda shud.
Dar barobari Rossiya, rakibi vay Angliya niz ba daruntari Osiyoi Miyona daromadan mekhost. (Baroi in maqsad, siyosati gunoguni zabtkuniro meguzaronid). Borho kushish namudaast, ki khonigarihoi Osiyoi Miyonaro bar ziddi Rossiya barkhezonad va az bayni onho baroi khud tarafdor paydo kunad. Hamin tariq, har du davlat siyosati zabtkuniro pesh girifta budand.
Ammo dar istoriografiyai burjuazi, makhsusan, istoriografiyai anglisi siyosati zabtkoronai Angliyaro rupush kardani shuda, chunin akidaero bofta barovardand, ki guyo Rossiya ba imperiyai Britaniya dar Hinduston takhdid mekarda boshad.
To solhoi 70-umi asri XIX tamomi OsiyoiMiyonaaz tarafi Rossiya zabt karda shud. Badi in okhirin nuktai strategie, ki diqqati Rossiya va Angliyaro ba khud chalb karda bud, nokhiyakhoi Pomir ba shumor meraft.
Hukumati podshokhi baroi zabt namudani Pomir, az on chikhat kish mekard, ki on nisbat ba davlatkhoi khamsoya dar mavqei khubi strategi choygir bud. «Platsdarmi Pomir panokhgokhi tabii baroi mukhofizat namudani Farona bo mo meboshad», navishta bud, polkovnik Mukhanov (Mukhanov. Pamirskiy rayon. -S.14).
Gayr az on, ba vositai Vakhonu Badakhshon rokhi kaloni savdo meguzasht, ki ba zeri nazorat giriftani on bartarii Rossiyaro dar raqobati savdo az boloi Angliya tamin mekard.
Mustamlikadoroni anglis Pomirro, khamchun
platsdarmi mukhimi strategi baroi zabt kardani tamomi Osiyoi Miyona istifoda kardani budand.
Boigarikhoi Pomiru Badakhshon kham baroi Angliya va kham baroi Rossiya akhamiyati kalon doshtand. Badakhshon makoni lochuvar va lal bud.
CHunin chikhatkhoi mukhimi nokhiyakhoi Pomirro ba nazar girifta, du darrandai kapitalisti kushish mekardand, ki peshtar in «luqmai tayyor»-ro sokhibi kunand. Baroi taqsimi on dar bayni Rossiya va Angliya dar solkhoi 1869-1873 yak khator guftushunidkho ba miyon omadand, ki dar tarikh nomi «Sozishnomai 1873»-ro giriftand.
Sozishnomai soli 1873 natichai khub nadod. Muvofiki on Vakhon ba khududi Afgoniston khamrokh karda shuda, tamomi Pomir «Zonai betaraf» shumorida shavad. Rossiya ukhdador meshavad, ki az boloi faoliyati amiri Bukhoro nazorat mekunad, Angliya boshad, amiri Kobulro nazorat mekunad. Du davlat meboist shartkhoi sozishnomaro khatiyan rioya mekardand va ba nizoi bayni amiri Kobul va amiri Bukhoro rokh namedodand. Ammo in sukhanon faqat dar rui khoaz budandu khalos. Avvalin shuda Angliya dagalona sozishnomai 1873-ro vayron kardan girift. Dar natichai targibu tashviqoti Angliya dar soli 1883 Abdurakhmonkhon yak kismi zaminkhoi Pomirro zabt namud. Bakhona baroi zabtkuni az tarafi hokimi SHunon YUsuf Alisho _nagz paziroi karda shudani botaniki rus Regel E bud. Uro dar on aybdor mekunand, ki guyo manfiati Afonistonro ba nazar nagirifta boshad. Baroi hamin YUsuf Alisho dar Kobul ba chazo rasonda meshavad. Abdurakhmonkhon sababi kushtashavii hokimro chunin sharh dodast: «Betartibihoi YUsuf Alisho dar khududi afon ba chonam rasondand, binobar in, der yo zud uro boyad chazo medodam» (Elchibekov K. Noviy materiali po istorii SHugnana // Izv. AN. Otd. obsh.nauk.-vip.2.-1973.- S.10).
Ammo amiri Kobul dar in cho davoi nodurustro ba miyon guzoshtaast, zero ki Pomir to soli 1883 kismi tarkibii Afoniston ba shumor naraftaast. Hukmronii afonho dar Pomir davrai tiratarini tarikhi mardumi in cho ba shumor meraft.
Aholii zulmu istismori dashtnokro az sar meguzarond. Qismi ziyodi aholii ba chunin azobu ukubat tob naovarda ba Farona gurekhtand. Halki Pomir borho bar ziddi istismorgaron ba muboriza bar khestand, vale khar dafa shikast mekhurdand.
“Afgonkho – sunnikho” andozro inchunin, baroi on ziyod mekardand, ki shiahoro bekhudo menomidand. Hama chizro kashida megiriftand… Baze sokinon ba in tob naovarda, ba Farnavu Sarikul meraftand (Serebrennikov G. Ocherki Pamira. Voenniy sbornik.- 1898.-№10.-S. 465).
Aholi ba afgonkho bo nazari badbini nigoh mekardand. Tiramokhi soli 1883 Vakhon va SHugnonro shurish faro girift. Hokimi Badakhshon Abdullokhon ba yorii hokimi SHunon 500 askarro mefiristad. SHurishgaron boshand 2 nafar, Muhammad Nosir va Nazarbekro ba peshi rusho mefiristand, to ki az onho madade chuyand, vale rusho talabi onhoro rad mekunand. Dar naticha shurish shikast mekhurad.
Kirdori oratgaronai Angliya mutlakiyati Rossiyaro niz machbur sokht, ki dar borai masalai Pomir fikr kunad. “12- yanvari soli 1892 dar Peterburg majlisi mashvaratii vazorati korhoi khorichi bo ishtiroki sardori shtabi generali shuda meguzarad. Muvofiki karori guruhi razvetkachiyon bo sardorii poruchik Burjiskiy 3-yumi fevral ba Pomir firistonida shudand. 15-um va 29-umi apreli soli 1892 doir ba masalai Pomir boz majlisi mashvarati davat karda shud. Ba Pomir in dafa yak batalion iborat az 3000 kazak va 4 tup firistonida meshavad”. (Iskandarov B. Vostochnaya Bukhara i Pamira vo vtoroy polovine H1H v.-CH.1.- S. 260). Az 2-yumi iyuni soli 1892 pokhodi Ionov ba Pomir sar meshavad. Dar davomi pokhodi dusolai polkovnik Ionov kismi ziyodi Pomiri garbi az afonho ozod karda shud.
Bo omadani rusho kharakati ozodikhohonai tochikoni Pomir niz avch, megirad. Halki mahalli az har chikhat rusho yordam merasonidand. Sababhoi nazdikshavii khalki Pomir ba rusho az inho iborat ast:
Dar khududi Pomir az davrahoi kadim khonigarihoi mayda vuchud doshtand, ki dar baynashon nizohoi doimi mavchud budand. Habari ba Rossiya hamroh shudani Farona va barham khurdani ziddiyathoi bayni feodaliro shunida, khalki Pomir ba khulosae omad, ki dar zeri hukumati rusho istodan behtar ast.
Halki Pomir bovarii komil dosht, ki rusho
khonigarii pur az azobu ukubatro barham medihad.
Davrai hukmronii afgonho baroi khalki Pomir khele vaznin bud. Onho azobu ukubatho ziyodero dar khaqqi khalki “kofir” ravo medidand.
Muassisahoi idorakunii rusho nisbat ba tarzi idorakunii afgonho behtar budand. Inro khalq az avval his karda bud.
Halki Pomir az davrahoi kadim bo Farona va Badakhshon aloqahoi iqtisodi dosht. Afonho inro vayron kardand. To andozae avch, giriftani aloqahoi savdo dar Farona ba khalki Pomir betasir namond. Makhsusan, man karda shudani gulomfurushi, qat gardidani changhoi bayni feodali, ozodii din, ba tartib darovardani sistemai andoz va gayra ba Pomir tasiri kalon rasonidaand.
Az in chost, ki otryadi rusho dar muboriza bar ziddi afonho tanho nabud. Ba fikri mo yake az sababhoi asosii
alabai Rossiya amalyoti yakchoyai otryadi rusho va aholii mahalli ba shumor meravad.
Muvaffakiyati rusho dar Pomir Angliyaro machbur kard, ki rokhi guftushunidro pesh girad. To soli 1893 az tarafi Rossiya masalahoi prinsipialii taqsimoti sarhadi muayyan gardida bud.
Az on chumla, dar machlishoi mashvaratii solhoi 18921893 aksariyati ishtirokkunandagon daryoi Panchro khati sarhad shumoridaand.
Masalai digare, ki diplomatiyai Rossiyaro ba tashvish meandokht, bo rokhi zuri chudo kardani khalki Pomir bud. Dar surati daryoi Panchro hamchun khati sarhad kabul kardan, khalki mahalli be guftugu mukobiliyat nishon medod. Baroi ruy nadodani “voqeahoi nokhush” Rossiya taklif namud, ki baroi oromii purrai du davlati buzurgro tamin namudan, kushunhoi Evroparo dar nazdi khati sarhad mondan lozim ast. Angliya in taklifro qabul namud.
Baroi muayyan namudani khati sarhad komissiya iborat az namoyandagoni chor davlat: Rossiya, Angliya, Hinduston va Afoniston tashkil karda meshavad. “25-umi fevrali soli 1895 shartnomai Angliya va Russiya basta meshavad. Muvofiki on ba Afgoniston mulkhoi sokhili chapi daryoi Panch, va kismi chanubii Darvoz doda, ba ivazi onho Rushon, SHnon va yak kismi Vakhon ba amiri Bukhoro doda shudand. Qismi digar Vakhon, ki az rezishgokhdoi daryoi Panch, bolotar choygir bud, ba Afoniston guzasht. Bo hamin Angliya Rossiyaro ba vositahoi mulkhoi boriki Afon az Hindukush chudo kard” (Iskandarov B. Asari nomburda.-S. 30).
SHartnomai soli 1895 ham misli sozishnomai 1872-1873 az siyosati mustamlikadoroni mutlakiyat sar zad. SHartnomai soli 1895 ziddiyati purshiddati bayni du davlati buzurgro yak qadar sust kard. Masalai zadu khurdi du davlati buzurgi kapitalisti dar kimkuchoi nimrahai bayni Sibir va Hinduston hal gardid. (K.Marks va F.Engels. Asarho.-CH.2.- S.363).
Hamin tariq, muborizai bayni Angliya va Rossiya baroi zabt kardani Pomir bo hamrokhshavii on ba Rossiya anchom yoft. Halki Pomir ikhtiyoran ba Rossiya hamroh gardid. Angliya shikast khurd.
Mutlakiyati rus dar Pomir niz usulho va metodhoi gunogun mustamlikadoriro ba kor meburd. Ammo bo siyosati mustamlikadorii mutlakiyat nigoh nakarda, bar khilofi irodai vay dar in cho niz munosibathoi moli – puli, munosibathoi navi kapitalisti tavlid yofta, inkishof meyobad. Muhimtarani natichai hamrokhshavii Pomir ba Rossiya yakshavii takdiri du khalq meboshad. Hamrokhshavii Pomir ba Rossiya changhoi bayni khonhoi alokhidaro barham dod.
Hamrokhshavii Pomir ba Rossiya dar chunin sharoite meguzasht, ki Rossiya ba markazi harakati revolyusioni tabdil yofta bud. Muborizai yakchoyai sinfi korgari rus va mekhnatkashoni Pomir ba galabai revolyutsiyai Oktyabr ovarda rasond.