Toj.su
SHakhs fardi boshuur buda, hamchun
subekti munosibathoi ijtimoi, ba-
randai sifathoi arzishnoki ijtimoi
Mo odatan dar radif bo shakhs mafhumhoi odam, fard
va fardiyat niz mavridi istifoda qaror medihem. In ma-
fhumho khususiyathoi khudro doro boshand ham, dar baroba-
ri inba hamdigar aloqai zich dorand.
Odam mafhumi nisbatan umumiyu jambastkunanda –
mavjudest, ki darajai olii inkishofi hayot, mahsuli ra-
vandhoi jamiyati – mehnati, vahdati nogusastanii mab-
dahoi tabii va ijtimoiro tajassum menamoyad, ammo har
yak odam hamchun barandai arzishhoi ijtimoi – avlodi,
mavjudi takrornashavandai tabii – fard meboshad.
Fard – in odami mushakhkhas hamchun namoyandai avlo-
di Ioto 8ar^ep8, barandai zaminahoi (nishonahoi qobi-
liyat, istedod, layoqat) inkishofi odamist. In tarzi tav-
sifdihi shahodati on ast, ki mavjudiyat ba nasli odam
mansub buda, dar mafhumi fard tajassum meyobad. Zeri
mafhumi fard navzod yo kalonsol, mutafakkir yo noqisu-
laql, namoyandai yagon qabilai dar zinai vahshoniyat qaror
doshta yo sokini bomarifati yagon mamlakati ta-
raqqikarda dar nazar doshta meshavad. Farzandi inson
hamchun fard ba dunyo meoyad va az hamin davra ba sistemai
tarikhan tashakkulyoftai munosibathoi jamiyati hamroh
shudan megirad.
Mafhumi «shakhs» nisbat ba mafhumi «odam» dida,
mafhumi nisbatan mahdudtar meboshad. Vay kategoriyai
jamiyatiyu tarikhi ba shumor rafta, sifati ijtimoiero
mefahmonad, ki fard onro dar jarayoni muoshirat va
faoliyati predmeti ba dast ovardaast. Harchand shakhs
sifati makhsusi ijtimoii fard boshad ham, «fard» va
«shakhs» bo ham monand nestand.
SHakhs hamchun khodimi inkishofi jamiyati, fardi
boshuurest, ki dar jamiyat naqshero mebozad va sohibi
mavqei muayyan meshavad. Naqsh – in funksiyai ijtimoii
shakhs ast. Masalan, naqshi volidayn az tarbiyai farzand
iborat ast va gayra. Mavqei shakhsro sistemai munosi-
bathoi u bo sharoithoi moddii hayot, ba jamiyatu odamon,
ba khud, ba vazifahoi jamiyatiyu mehnatii khud va gayra
tashkil medihand.
CHunone ki mafhumhoi «fard» va «shakhs» bo ham mo-
nand nestand, shakhs va fardiyat niz dar navbati khud yagona-
giro tashkil medihand, vale bo ham ayniyatdor nestand.
Hususiyathoi fardiyati dar surati ishtiroki shakhs dar si-
stemai munosibathoi baynishakhsi oshkor megardand.
Fardiyat – in khususiyathoi takrornopaziri odami mushakh-
khas yo khud, khosiyathoi tabii va dar jomea badastovardai u
meboshad. YAne, fardiyat asliyati shakhsro ifoda mekunad, yo
khud yagon khususiyati bartaridoshtai shakhsro meguyand, ki
uro az atrofiyon farq mekunonad.
Dar mafhumi shakhs majmui sifathoi az lihozi ijti-
moi ahamiyatnoki odam maqomi avvalro ishgol menamoyad.
Mohiyati ijtimoii odam dar robitai u bo jomea shakl gi-
rifta, zohir megardad. Har yak jomea namunai ba khud khosi
shakhsro muqarrar karda, tiphoi asosii psikhologii odam-
ro muayyan menamoyad.
SHakhs doroi sokhti murakkab meboshad. Darajai oliyu
peshbarandai sokhti psikhologii uro doirai marom va ta-
labotho, raviya va munosibathoi u ba jomea, ba ashkhosi
judogona va ba uhdadorihoi ijtimoii khudi u tashkil
medihand.
Baroi shakhs na tanho mavqe, balki qobiliyati ama-
ligardonii munosibathoi u niz muhim ast. In az darajai
inkishofi imkoniyathoi faoliyati odam, marifatu ma-
lakaho, khususiyathoi emotsionaliyu-irodavi va zehnii u
vobasta meboshad.
Odam bo qobiliyatho va kharakteri tayyor ba dunyo
nameoyad. In khosiyatho dar tuli zindagi, ammo dar zami-
nahoi muayyani tabii tashakkul meyoband. Asosi irsii or-
ganizmi odam (genotip) khususiyathoi anatomi-fiziologii
u, sifathoi asosii sistemai asab, jarayoni protsesshoi
asabiro muayyan mekunad. Imkoniyathoi inkishofi psikho-
logii shakhs dar sokhti tabiiyu biologii u inikos shuda-
and.
Mavjudi odami ba tufayli omuzish va azkhudkunii
tajribai naslhoi guzashta, ki dar donishho, ananaho,
ashyoi farhangi va moddiyu manavi tahkim yoftaand, ba
odam tabdil meyobad. Jihathoi tabiii odamro ba mohiyati
ijtimoii u muqobil guzoshtan durust nest, zero onho na
tanho mahsuli tahavvuli biologi, balki mahsuli tarikh
niz meboshand. Mabdai biologii odamro hamchun
mavjudiyati kim-chi guna pahlui «hayvoni»-i u naboyad do-
nist. Kulli nishonahoi qobiliyatu istedodi odam oda-
miand, na hayvoni. Boyad qayd kard, ki tashakkuli
odam chun shakhs tanho dar sharoithoi mushakhkhasi
ijtimoi surat megirad.
On chi ki dar nazari avval chun sifathoi «tabii»-i
odam padidor megardand (masalan, khususiyathoi kharakter),
darvoqe tahkimi bakhshi talaboti ijtimoii ba raftori u
aloqamand ba shumor meravad .
Inkishofi shakhs bo vusatdihii doimii imkoniyatho
va afzudani talaboti u aloqamand ast. Darajai inki-
shofi shakhs bo munosibathoi ba u khos muayyan karda mesha-
vad. Munosibathoi shakhs dar darajai pasti inkishof aso-
san az manfiathoi amalivu «kutohnazarona» vobasta me-
boshand. Darajai baland bo afzaliyati arzishhoi az
lihozi jamiyati baroi u ahamiyatnok tavsif doda mesha-
vad.
Har yak fard dar jomea faoliyati hayotii kheshro ba
tanzim darovarda, masalahoi murakkabi hayotiro hal me-
kunad. Hamon yak dushvoriho va inchunin ba ham barkhurdi
manfiatho az jonibi odamon ba tavri mukhtalif barta-
raf karda meshavand.
Hangomi oshkor namudani mohiyati shakhs boyad ba on
etibor dod, ki u masalahoi hayotiro bo kadom tarz hal
menamoyad va kadom prinsiphoi ibtidoii raftorro
sarmashqi kori khud qaror medihad.
SHakhs vobasta ba vorid shudanash ba munosibathoi
muayyani jamiyati ishtirokchii gayrifaoli in munosi-
batho nameboshad. Hususiyati digari shakhsro mustaqili-
yati u tashkil doda, ba u imkon medihad, ki az tasiri har
guna farmon – farmoii hokimiyat, holathoi nomatlubi
ijtimoi va taqibot ozod boshadu khudidorakuniashro az
dast nadihad.
Hudmukhtorii shakhs bo sifati olii psikhikai u –
manaviyot robita dorad. Manaviyot – in zuhuroti olii
mohiyati odam, payravii botinii u ba arzishhoi akhloqi va
tobeiyat ba goyahoi olii hasti meboshad.
Manaviyoti shakhs dar favqulshuuri u, dar talaboti
inkori qatii hama guna qabohatu zishtiho, dar sadoqati
fidokoronai u ba ormonhoi oli, dar duri justan az may-
lu khohishhoi noshoista va faolii sokhtayu bardurugi
ijtimoi ifoda meyobad. Ammo jomea har qadare, ki sod-
datar boshad, hamon qadar tamoyuli on ba barobarkuni
qavitar ast va hamon qadar dar on odamone ziyodand, ki ba
meyorhoi ijtimoi kur-kurona itoat mekunand. Odame, ki
az rui shiorhoi qolabi harf mezanad, digar dar borai
khudsozii shakhsii khud gamkhori ham namekunad.
SHakhsi ejodkor az hududi muhiti bevositai ijtimoi
berun rafta, khudro dar poygohi nisbatan farokhi ijti-
moi tashakkul medihad. Sifathoi shakhs az doirai muno-
sibathoi amali va az vorid budani u ba sohahoi mukhtali-
fi hayoti ijtimoi vobastaand.
SHakhs imkoniyathoi asosii taraqqiyoti jamiyatro
inikos karda, oyandai jomearo peshbini menamoyad va me-
tavonad az holati hozirai on pesh guzarad. Rushdi shakhs-
tashakkuli majmui sifathoi musbati ijtimoii u – zami-
nahoi muayyani jamiyati, talaboti ijtimoi, bezarargar-
donii omilhoero taqozo mekunad, ki onho boisi begona-
shavii u megardand.
Dar tashakkuli fard chun shakhs du ravand naqshi
muhim mebozand: a) ravandi hammonandkunii shakhs (dar
fard tashakkul yoftani ayniyatdihii khud ba soiri odamon
va umuman ba jomeai odami); b) ravandi personalizatsiya
(az jonibi shakhs dark namudani zarurati peshnihod kar-
dani shakhsiyati khud dar faoliyati hayotii digar odamon,
khudifodanamoii shakhsi dar umumiyati ijtimoi).
SHakhs bo odamoni digar dar asosi «Mann – konsep-
siya», refleksiyai shakhsi – tasavvuroti khud doir ba khud,
imkoniyathoi khesh va mohiyati khud dar tasiri dutarafa
meboshad. Refleksiyai shakhsi ba «Man»-i voqei metavonad
muvofiq oyad, yo metavonad muvofiq naoyad. Darajahoi ba-
land yo pasti iddaohoi shakhsi metavonand, boisi ni-
zohoi mukhtalifi dokhilishakhsi shavand.
Rohi hayotii shakhs fazoi ijtimoii mushakhkhasi tari-
khiro az sar meguzaronad. Hususiyathoi ba khud khosi sharo-
ithoi moddii istehsolot, sohai istemoli, munosi-
bathoi ijtimoi tarzi hayoti odam, Hususiyathoi guno-
gunrangi raftor va nihoyat tipi shakhsro muayyan mesozad.
Har yak shakhs durnamoi zindagonii khud, yane siste-
mai ustuvori tarzhoi tagyir dodani vaziyathoi hayotiro
dar zaminai arzishii khesh tashakkul medihad. Durnamoi
zindagi – in raviyai umumii khudsobitnamoii shakhs mebo-
shad.
Durnamoi az lihozi ijtimoi arzishmand – in khu-
difodanamoii akhloqii shakhs va tarzi hayoti manavii uro
muayyan mekunad. Dar in mavrid faoliyati hayotii shakhs
bo sababhoi muayyani voqeyi bo maqsadu maromhoi jomea
aloqamand surat megirad. SHakhs zindagiro bo dasto-
vardhoi az lihozi ijtimoi arzishmand ogoz menamoyad.
Dar mavridi durnamoi zindagi, tarhrezii dasto-
vardhoi fard tanho ba maniyu masoyili jori itoat kar-
da, zindagonii u ba tarzi mukammal surat namegirad,
mazmunu maromi zindagiash past rafta, talaboti ruhoni-
manavii u mahdud megardad, darajai iddaoyu talabotash
past meshavad.
SHakhs bo majmui khususiyathoi ustuvor – majmui ma-
romho, maqsadho, manfiatho, qobiliyati tasirrasonii
dutarafa bo muhit va prinsiphoi akhloqii khudidorakunii
raftor tavsif doda meshavad. In hama khususiyathoi shakhs
majmui omilhoi genetiki, irsi va ijtimoi – madanii u
meboshand.
