Sarmoyai zehni va molikiyati zehni hamchun asosi rushdi faoliyati innovatsioni

Iqtisodi bozargoni tashkili bozorhoi molhoi tavlidoti, vositahoi istehsolot, sarmoyaguzoriho va kogazhoi qimmatnok, inchunin asor, quvvai kori va innovatsiyahoi ba hamdigar aloqamandro talab mekunad.

Bozori innovatsiyaho-in bozori molikiyati zehni, bozorhoi muomilot oidi ba guzashtkunii huquqho ba obekthoi molikiyati zehni meboshad.

YAke az shaklhoi munosibathoi bozorgoni dar sohai innovatsioni tijorati ijozatnomaho meboshad, ki dar solhoi 50-umi asri XX rushdi bosurati on ba mushohida merasad. Pesh az savdoi ijozatnomaho nizomi patentii muosir tashkil yoft, ki on asoshoi huquqii taboduli dastovardhoi ilmiyu tekhnikiro muqarrar mesozad. Savdoi ijozatnomaho khususiyathoi zerinro doro meboshad:

1. Hangomi bastani sozishnomahoi ijozatnomadihi huquqi molikiyat ba mavzui sozishnoma ba ijozatnoma (furushandai ijozatnoma) nigoh doshta meshavad, ba sharte, ki dar in mavrid patent furukhta nashavad;
2. Hususiyati tajilii sozishnomai ijozatnoma mushohida karda meshavad. Odatan davrai on az 5-10 sol, bazan 8-10 sol va beshtar az 1-2 sol ziyod nest;
3. Sozishnomai ijozatnoma khususiyati mintaqavi (hududi) dorad, yane baroi kishvarhoi alohidae, ki huquqi istifodai ijozatnoma yo mahorati dar asosi on tashkilshudaro nadorand, istifodai on man ast;
4. SHarthoi makhsus dar borai «nou-khau», ki ba himoyai patenti faro girifta nashudaand, qaydu shart karda meshavand. Muhlati amali onho nisbat ba ijozatnomaho kamtar buda 3-5 solro dar bar megirad;
5. Mubodilai bayni hamdigarii dastovardhoi ilmiyu tekhniki oid ba takmildihii obekthoi sozishnomahoi ijozatnoma peshbini karda meshavand;
6. Dar bayni furushandai ijozatnoma va kharidori on shaklhoi makhsusi hisobbarobarkuni istifoda burda meshavand;

Az nuqtai nazari tamini himoyai huquqii kholisona ijozatnomaro ba ijozatnomahoi patenti va bepatenti judo namudan mumkin ast.

Qonuni Jumhurii Tojikiston «Dar borai huquqi muallifi va huquqhoi omekhta» az 13.11. soli 1998 № 726 ba huquqi asarhoi zerin dakhl dorad:

1. Ba asarhoe, ki muallifoni onho shahrvandoni jumhuri buda, dar qalamravi Jumhurii Tojikiston joyi zisti muqimi dorad;
2. Ba asarhoe, ki dar qalamravi Jumhurii Tojikiston bori nakhust nashr meshavand (bo hisob giriftani asarhoe, ki bori nakhustin dar digar davlat dar davomi 30 ruz badi tarikhi nashri nakhustinashon dar kishvar nashr meshavand), yo khud nashrnashuda, vale dar shakli obektivi dar qalamravi Jumhurii Tojikiston novobasta az shahrvandi yo joi zisti muqimii muallifoni onho qarordoshta;
3. Ba asrhoe, ki onho dar qalamravi Jumhurii Tojikiston hamchun ishtirokchi onho ba hisob meravand, bahri himoya peshnihod megardad;
4. Asarhoi zerin obekti doroi huquqi muallifi hisob karda meshavand:

• hujjathoi rasmi (qonunho, qarorhoi sudi, matnhoi digari khususiyati qonunguzori, mamuri va va sudidoshta), inchunin tarjumai rasmii onho;
• nishonu alomathoi davlati (parcham, nishon, ordenho, pul va gayra);
• khabarho dar borai hodisayu voqeaho, ki khususiyati ittilooti dorand;
• asarhoi ejodiyoti khalq.

Sohibi huquqi muallifii favqulodda baroi khabardor sokhtan az huquqhoi khud boyad alomathoi himoyavii huquqi muallifro istifoda kunad, ki on dar yak nuskhai asar guzoshtashuda, az se unsur iborat meboshad:

1. harfi lotinii «S» dar doira;
2. nomi (nomguyi) sohibi huquqhoi muallifii favquloddabuda;
3. soli avali nashri asar.

Patentho -niz hamchun ijozatnomahoi imkonpazir ba hisob meravand. Mamulan, patentkunoni az jori namudani dastovardhoi ilmiyu tekhniki dar istehsolot du-se sol peshtar surat megirad. Mohiyati iqtisodii patent dar peshnihod namudani inhisoriyat (monopoliya) dar qalamravi khud az tarafi davlat ba ikhtirokor baroi istifodai navovari dar davomi 15-20 solo iborat meboshad.

CHun natijai faoliyati navovarona mahsuloti zehni (intelektuali) baromad mekunad, ki onro hamchun natijai faoliyat dar sohai istehsoloti manavi baroi qone gardonidani talaboti istemolkunandagoni on muayyan kardan mumkin ast. Ba mahsuloti zehni dokhil meshavand:

1. mahsuloti ilmi-tekhniki, yane kashfiyotho, aqidaho, konsepsiyaho, namudho (mahsuloti tadqiqothoi bunyodi), ikhtiroot, korkhonahoi ilmi va konstruktori, loiha, namudhoi tajribavii tekhnikai nav, masnuoti nav;
2. mahsuloti akhbori-mahsuloti barnomavi, barnomahoi radio va televizion va gayraho;
3. mahsuloti madani.

Huquqi muallif ba ikhtiroot, aqidai ilmi, korkardho, molhoi nav yo tekhnologiyai nav molikiyati zehni meboshad, ki az tarafi davlat himoya karda meshavad.

Ba molikiyati zehni bisyor khususiyathoe, ki ba digar namudhoi molikiyat khos ast va ba hamin sifat kharidu furush, ba ijora dodan, ba ivazi digar molikiyat yo bebozgasht dodani onho joiz ast. Gayr az in, sohibi molikiyati zehni huquq dorad, ki baroi be ijozat istifoda burdan yo furukhtan monea ejod kunad. Ammo farqiyati asosii in molikiyat dar on zohir meyobad, ki molikiyati zehni hisnashavanda ast, yane vay misli ashyoi fiziki muayyan yo qiyos karda nameshavad. Baroi molikiyati zehniro himoya kardan, onro ba yagon tarzi darkkuni ifoda kardan zarur ast. Mekhanizmi himoyai molikiyati zehni, nizomi usulho va vositahoi iqtisodi, ijtimoi va huquqii dastgirii navovarihoro dar nazar dorad. Dar zamoni muosir shaklhoi asosii himoyai molikiyati zehni, ki istifoda burda meshavand, inhoyand: patent, huquqi muallif, alomati moli.

Patent ba ikhtiroot-huquqi muallifro ba ikhtiroot, afzaliyati ikhtiroot va huquqi makhsusi istifodabarii ikhtiroot shahodat medihad. Nizomi patenti baroi barhamdihii inhisorot dar sohai (istehsolot, ilm va tekhnika) asosi tashkili-huquqiro ba vujud meorad, harchand dar nazari avval, shakli himoyai patentii komyobihoi ilmi-tekhniki ba tamoyuli ziddiinhisori mukholif ast, chun, ki patent ba sohibi on baroi istifoda burdani ikhtiroot huquqi inhisori medihad.

Patent hamchun mukofot baroi vaqt va mehnate meboshad, ki ba korhoi tadqiqoti sarf shudaast; vay baroi tadqiqothoi oyanda havasmand megardonad, chunki raqibon kushish mekunand, ki ikhtiroote ba vujud orand, ki ba ikhtirooti allakay patentkardashuda hammonand shavad; inchunin, vay navovari va innovatsiyahoro ba ikhtirooti patentkardashuda havasmand mekunad.

Mahdudiyati muhlati amali patent hamchun havasmandii jamiyatiro ba ikhtiroot baland mekunad, inchunin, vay ba zud tijoratkunii onho musoidat va hamin tavr, baroi onhoro zud ba khizmat guzoshtan, kumak menamoyad.