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SHarthoi tashakkul va rushdi sohibkori

YAke az sharthoi ba rushdi sohibkori musoidatkunanda in bunyodi nizomi qonunguzori oid ba sohibkori meboshad. Barpo namudani zaminai huquqi, asoshoi umumii huquqi iqtisodi va ijtimoii ba amal barovardani faoliyati sohibkoriro dar Jumhurii Tojikiston muayyan menamud. YAke az sababhoi nomukammalii qonunho in nabudani mekhanizmi qobili tanzimi faoliyati subekthoi khojagidor, va nabudani aloqamandii bayni khadamoti faoliyati sohibkoronro mutobiqkunanda meboshad.

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Inchunin yak qator mushkilot dar ravandi tashkil va az qayd guzaronidani korkhonahoi khurdu miyona mavjudand. CHunonchi, ba tarafhoi musbii islohot dar kishovarzi nigoh nakarda, hanuz bisyor masalahoi ravandi azqaydguzaronii khojagihoi fermeri va sohib shudan ba sertifikat oid ba huquqi istifoda va sohibi kardani zamin aloqamand, halli khudro nayoftaand. Baroi on, ki fermer sertifikatro oid ba istifodai zamin ba dast orad, zarur ast, ki qarori Hukumati mahalliro sohib gardad, az qaydi kumitai andoz, sadorati omor, notarius, militsiya, Vazorati adliya, Kumitai davlati oid ba zakhirahoi zamin va gayra guzarad. Tibqi ittilooti sershumor ba dastovardani sertifikat oid ba huquqi istifoda va sohibi kardani zamin 150-200 dollari IMA (qarib nisfi daromadi miyonai harmohai khojagii dehot)-ro talab mekunad. Hol on, ki Hukumati Jumhurii Tojikiston pardokhtro baroi giriftani sertifikat dar hajmi 6 dollari IMA muqarrar kardaast.

Baroi tashakkuli bakhshi purquvvati khususii iqtisodiyot, zersokhtori taraqqikardai sohibkorii khurd, inchunin tashkili dastgirii davlati va rushdi sohibkorii khurd dar mamlakat «Barnomai davlatii dastgirii sohibkori dar solhoi 2002-2005 dar Tojikiston», ki bo Qarori Hukumati Jumhurii Tojikiston az 1 oktyabri soli 2002 №384 tasdiq karda shudaast, naqshi kalonro bozid. Maqsadi asosii barnomai mazkur bunyodi sharoithoi huquqi, ijtimoi-iqtisodi, moliyavi va tashkili baroi tashakkuli bakhshi khususii iqtisodi mamlakat, ba amal ovardani muhiti raqobati, tashakkuli zersokhtorii bozorii sohibkori va amali namudani nizomi dastgirii davlatii sohibkori meboshad.

Bo maqsadi tezonidani islohoti iqtisodi, inchunin baroi rushdi sohibkorii khurd korkardi strategiyai rushdi yagonai bartarafnamoii moneahoi mavjudai ba barqarorshavi va gulgulshukufii bakhshi khususi khalalrasonanda talab karda meshavad.

Rushdu ravnaq nakardanisohibkori uro zararovar va kamsamar namudaast. Sohibkori dar Tojikiston dar sohai khizmatrasoni ba bozor, ki ba tabaqahoi doroi daromadi balandi aholi, ammo na ba khizmatrasonii tabaqahoi kamdaromadi aholi nigaronida shudaast, taraqqi meyobad. In ba on ovarda merasonad, ki sohibkori ba faoliyati garon tabdil meyobad, va ba pastshavii sathi kambizoatii mardum musoidat menamoyad. CHunin holati taraqqiyoti sohibkori ba poyonravii maroq ba madaniyati milli, va khususiyathoi mahal ovarda merasonad.

Tajribai barqarorshavi va taraqqiyoti sohibkori dar Tojikiston ba tavri etimodbakhsh nishon medihad, ki aksar sohiboni korkhonahoi khurdu kalon ba afzoishi minbada mayl nadorand. Hohishi asosii onho mavjudiyati mutadilro tamin namudan, sarmoyavu, mavqei khudro dar bozor nigoh doshtan ast. In holat bo on aloqamand ast, ki yakum – nizomi samaranoki havasmandgardonii faoliyati sohibkori hanuz faol nashudaast; duyum – sohibkoron az tarafi khadamothoi nazorativu taftishoti fishori muayyanero az sar meguzaronand. Az tarafi digar, donishi susti asoshoi andozbandi, umuri gumruk, umuri bonk sohibkoronro majbur mesozad, ki nodida giriftani qonunho va digar sanadhoi qonunguzoriro justuju namoyand.

YAk qator rasmu tartibhoi mamurii baroi ba dast ovardani ijozat va javoz lozima (sertifikat dar borai pardokhti andozho, sertifikathoi  sifat, fitosanitariya, potent baroi rondani avtomobil), ki ba naql va furushi mahsulot aloqamandand, vujud dorand.

Agar mahsulot ba beruni kishvar intiqol doda shavad, sertifikathoi ilovagi zarurand. Nizomi dar jumhuri mavjudai sertifikatdihi ba yake az omilhoi asosii pastshavii faoliyati sohibkori tabdil yoftaast. CHunonchi, dar avvalhoi solhoi 2000-um baroi sodiroti nakhi pakhta giriftani nazdik yozdah sertifikatu ijozatnomaho talab karda meshudand. Baroi in ba sohibkoron zarur ast, ki ba hisobi miyona 3-4 moh sarf namoyand, ki dar tuli on narkhho dar bozori jahoni chandin marotiba pastu baland megardand.

CHunin rasmu tartibhoi sershumori tanzimkunanda baroi paydo shudani moneahoi suni va jori namudani pulsitonihoi gayrirasmi sharoit muhayyo mesokhtand. Rohbari va nazorat az boloi rioya namudani dasturhoi tanzimkunanda dar dasti khizmatchiyoni bo tekhnika tajhizonida noshuda, ki nisbat ba kor havasmandii past dorand, doda shudaast. SHabakai homiyon ba mushtariyon doro va ba onhoe, ki aloqahoi khub dorand, munosibati imtiyoznokro tamin menamoyad. Tanzim va nazoratro bo rohi pardokhthoi gayrirasmi metavon sarfi nazar kard. Dar ayni hol, sertifikati sifat va digar namudhoi sertifikat manoyashonro gum khohand kard.

Moneahoi sarshumori gayrirasmi baroi tijorat muhitero ba amal meorand, ki baroi savdoi raqobati va tijoratisozgor nest. Masalan, nisbat ba savdoi pakhta nizomi davlati baroi khizmatrasoni ba qarordodho sitonidani haqqi ilovagiro jori namud va hududhoi foizro baroi is+tehsolkunanda muqarrar namud. Narkhho dar Birjai universalii moli-ashyogi guzoshta meshavand, va in nizom zaminai hamarofarogirandaro baroi himoyatgari tamin menamoyad. Inchunin, norasogii raqobati bayni kharidoroni pakhta huvaydost. Natijahoi tadqiqot nishon medihand, ki 20-40% pakhta dar toyho nodurust darajabandi karda meshavad. Binobar az nav darajabandi kardan, va muayyannamudani arzishi onho, manbai ikhtilofoti bayni kharidoron va furushandagon megardad.

YAke az sharthoi asosii ba rushdi muhiti sohibkori musoidatkunanda in ba amal ovardani nizomi qonunguzori oid ba sohibkori meboshad. Masalan, Qonuni Jumhurii Tojikiston «Dar borai himoya va dastgirii davlatii sohibkori dar Jumhurii Tojikiston» (Qonun az 12.05.07 №259) qoidahoi umumii dastgirii davlati, inkishofi ozodi sohibkoriro dar Jumhurii Tojikiston muayyan namuda, shaklu usulhoi havasmandgardoniyu tanzimi davlatii faoliyati subekthoi sohibkoriro muqarar menamoyad. CHunin sanadhoi qonunguzori oid ba sohibkori mavjud meboshand. In sanadhoi qonunguzori oid ba bisyor masalahoi sohibkori qabul karda shudaand, ki onho ba hifzi purrai huquqhoi sohibkoron ravona shudaand. Rushdi sohibkori in beshtar bo mavjud budani tadqiqothoi ilmi oid ba huquqi sohibkori, konsepsiyaii umumii ravandi qonunguzori va konsepsiyai sanadhoi alohidai qonunguzori vobasta ast.

Tahlili mekhanizmi muosiri  iqtisodi-huquqii havasmandgardonii sohibkori nishon medihad, ki garchi sohibkor bo qonunho va sanadhoi hukumati hifz karda shudaast, ammo sathi taraqqiyoti sohibkori ba sathi andozbandi, meyorihoi qarzdihi, sharthoi sugurtai khavfi sohibkori muvofiqat namekunad. Dar majmu, sohibkorii muosir boyad dar sharoiti musoidi huquqi va iqtisodi amal kunad.

Tahlil nishon medihad, ki mavjudiyati sanadhoi sershumori qonunguzori dar sohai rushdi sohibkori hargiz daleli qatii ba tanzimdarovardashuda budani onho nameboshad, aksari onho dar mohiyati khudashon ikhtilof dorand.Sababhoi badi amalishavii qonunho bagoyat mukhtalifand. Dar bayni onho sababhoi ham obektivi va ham subektivi mavjudand. Qonunhoi az hama behtarin ham amal nakhohand kard, agar baroi on sharoiti zarurii iqtisodi mavjud naboshad.

Tibqi aqidai korshinosoni khoriji, zaminai qonunguzorii dar Jumhurii Tojikiston qabulkardashuda ba talaboti kununii iqtisodi bozori javobgar meboshad. YAke az sababhoi besalohiyatii qonunho mavjud nabudani mekhanizmi faoliyati subekthoi khojagidorro tanzimkunanda, mavjud nabudani aloqamandii bayni khadamoti faoliyati sohibkoronro mutobiqkunanda meboshad. Aksar vaqt khudi sohibkoron faoliyatashonro ogoz namuda, mavjud budani sanadhoi qonunguzoriro namedonand. Siyosati ittilooti va reklamavi, ki tavonad ba tamomi masalahoi dakhldori zaminai qonunguzorii Jumhurii Tojikiston ravshani andozad, boyad mavjud boshad.

Dar majmu, ravandi tashakkuli muhiti sohibkoriro tahlil namuda, boyad zikr namud, ki vay boyad mutobiqi davrai guzarish boshad va zarur ast, ki oid ba tezonidani tashakkuli muhiti mutamadi sohibkori dar Tojikiston tadbirhoi tashkili-iqtisodi va meyorhoi- huquqii zerin ba amal jori karda shavand:

  • tartibi baqaydgirii korkhonaho sodda gardonida shavad, nomgui hujjathoi lozima ba haddi aqal rasonida shavad va muhlati baqaydgiri muqarrar karda shavad, masuliyati khadamoti baqaydgiranda baroi vayron kardani muhlathoi baqaydgiri baland bardoshta shavad,baroi shaffofiyat va dastrasi korkhonahovu jamiyatchigi sharoit faroham ovarda shavad;
  • nomgui namudhoi javozonidashavandai faoliyati sohibkori qonunan muayyan karda shavad, tartibi ijozatnomadihiro sodda namuda, miqdori onho kam karda shavad;
  • nizomi sertifikatdihi ba molhoi tainoti istemolidoshta dar asosi ivaz namudani sertifikatsiyai hatmi, ba istisnoi mavodi tabobati, takmil doda shavad;
  • bo maqsadi rushdi sohibkorii innovatsioni takmili nizomi andozbandii faoliyati istehsolkunandagoni mahsuloti ilmtalab va faoliyathoi tamini jumhuri bo tekhnika va tekhnologiyai peshqadam talab karda shavad;
  • tayyor va qabuli sanadhoi meyoriyu-huquqi oid ba khalos namudani iqtisodiyot az byurokratikunoni tezonida shavad, dar in zamina mekhanizmhoi samarabakhshi tanzim namudan va az bayn bardoshtani moneahoi mamuri barpo karda shavad;
  • tashkili assotsiyatsiyaho, ittihodiyaho, ittifoqhoi sohibkorone, ki sohai muayyani iqtisodiyotro bayon mekunand, havsmand gardonida shuda, dastgirii davalatii onho tamin karda shavad;
  • mekhanizmi soddakardashudai sharthoi ba subekthoi sohibkori dodani obekthoi ba molikiyati davlati taalluqdoshta bunyod va jori karda shavad;
  • nizomi ittioloti-mashvaratii rasonidani khizmathoi huquqi, marketingi, kommunikatsioni, injiringi, innovatsioniro ba subekthoi sohibkori taraqqi boyad dod va sanadhoi dakhldori meyori- huquqiro oid ba faolgardoni va havasmandgardonii kori bozorhoi sugurta va fondho qabul boyad namud;
  • nizomi himoyai boaqlonaro nisbat ba molistehsolkunandagoni vatani barpo boyad namud va oid ba hifzi molistehsolkunandagoni vatani az raqobati badsifat tadbirho boyad andeshid;
  • nizomi tahsiloti kasbi, tahri va takmili ikhtisosi kadrhoro dar sohai sohibkori, ki afzoishi faolnokii sohibkoronai subekthoi iqtisodiyatro tamin menaoyad boyad taraqqi dod;
  • hajmi darajai ishtiroki moliyavi va masuliyati davlat dar faoliyati fondho muayyan karda shavad, inchunin standarthoi kumaki davlat ba korkhonahoi khurd, ki fondhoi davlati ba jo meorand, tahiya karda shavand;
  • tayyor va jori namudani barnomahoi talimi va tayyorii intikhobii kadrho baroi sokhtorhoi jumhuriyavi, mahallii khadamoti hukumat, fondhoi davlatii dastgirii sohibkorii khurd, tashkil karda shavad;
  • sathi fondi oinnomavi baroi tashkil va dar jumhuri faoliyatbarii bankhoi khurd va miyona bo sarmoyai mahalli, inchunin bankhoi khorijii fari, yakjoyai kalon va miyona, ki muhiti raqobatiro vase, sathi meyori qarzro kam va sifati khizmatrasoniro behtar megardonad, ba tavri kulli past karda shavad;
  • nizomi sugurtai qarzho baroi kam kardani khavfi barnagardondani mablaghoi ba qarz guzoshtashuda tahiya va jori shavad, hamzamon rasmu tartibi giriftani qarz sodda gardonida shavad;
  • bar amaliyai sohibkori mekhanizmi ba khojagihoi dehqoni (fermeri) musoidatkunanda, ki tavonand sertifikathoyashonro doir ba istifodai zamin ba bankhoi tijorati baroi jalb namudani investitsiyahoi miyona va darozmuhlat guzorand, tahiya va jori karda shavad;
  • shabakai sokhtorhoi ittilootro manidodkunanda va to ba tabaqahoi vasei aholi burda rasonidani qarorhoi Prezident va  Hukumati Jumhuri Tojikistonro taminkunanda barpo va vase karda shavad (aksar sohibkoron va onhoe, ki ba kori khud mekhohand mashgul shavand, dar borai tadbirho oid ba faroham ovardani muhiti sohibkori kam khabar dorand va baroi faoliyati sohibkoriro hamchun usuli halli mushkiloti ijtimoi-iqtisodi dark namudan tayyor nestand);
  • asoshoi metodi va tashkili-huquqii barpo namudani Assotsiatsiyai korkhonahoi khurd (sohavi va mintaqavi) kor karda shavad va nizomi tashkil va rushdi sohibkorii oilavi ba amal barovarda shavad;
  • shabakai markazhoi hamkorii baynalmillalii subekthoi sohibkorii khurd tashakkul doda shavad, ki faoliyatash boyad ba vase namudani aloqahoi kori subekthoi sohibkorii khurd, halli masalahoi amali namudani barnomahoyu loihahoi mushtarak, rushdi faoliyati namoishgohi-yarmarkavi ravona karda shavad;
  • barnomahoi rushdi minbadai markazhoi dastgirii sohibkori bo rohi rasonidani dastgirii moliyavi ba markazhoi amalkunandai dastgirii sohibkori va inkubatorhoi sohibkorii khurd, inchunin barpo namudani shabakahoi navi mintaqavii dastgiri va rushdi sohibkori tayyor va dar amal jori karda shavand.

Baroi boz ham behtar namudani fazoi sarmoyaguzori va sohibkori dar Payomi Prezidenti Jumhurii Tojikiston Emomali Rahmon ba Majlisi Oli omadaast, ki « bo maqsadi tamini rushdi minbadai sohibkori dar istehsolot bo nazardoshti jalb namudani tekhnika va tekhnologiyai muosir va tadrijan afzun namudani istehsoli mahsulot dar dokhili kishvar baroi hama guna taftishu sanjishi faoliyati sohibkoron, ki korkhonahoi navi istehsoli molu mahsulot tasis medihand, dar muddati se soli avval maratoriya elon karda shavad». Inchunin, baroi dastgirii boz ham beshtari sohibkori ba vazoratu idorahoi dakhldor suporish doda meshavad, ki loihai Qonun «Dar borai

hamkorii davlat va bakhshi khususiro tahiya karda, ba barrasii Hukumat peshnihod namoyand»[1]

[1] Payomi Prezidenti Jumhurii Tojikiston Emomali Rahmon ba Majlisi Oli Jumhurii Tojikiston az 20 apreli soli 2011.

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Jubron Halil Jubron

JUBRON HALIL JUBRON yake az  navisandagoni ovozadori arab buda,  soli 1883 dar dehai Bashrai Lubnon  …

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