Toj.su
Psikhologiya bo ilmhoi tabiat-shinosi va khususan ilmhoi bio-
logi robitai zich dorad, ki
mehvari in robitaro aloqai
sistemai asab va psikhika tashkil medihad. Sistemai asab
asosi moddii psikhikaro tashkil namuda, onro ba omuzi-
shi obektivii eksperimentali dastras megardonad va
imkoniyati ba tavri ilmiyu tajribavi asosnok namudani
zuhuroti psikhikiro faroham meovarad. Psikhika khosiyati
sistemai asabi olitashakkul meboshad.
Aloqai sistemai asab bo zuhuroti psikhiki va
raftor dar tanosubii inkishofi tarikhii onho ravshan-
tar ayon megardad. Az in ru, tahavvuloti sistemai asab va
psikhikaro mufassaltar dida mebaroem.
Sistemai asab tahavvuloti tuloniro az sar guzaro-
nida, az shabakai nakhhoe, ki hujayrahoi hassosi asabiro
bo boftahoi kashidashavanda -mushakho mepayvandad, to
ba darajai magzi sari odam, ki tashkilai sokhtorash niho-
yatdaraja murakkabi asabi meboshad, tashakkul yoftaast.
Namudi nihoyat sodda va ibtidoii sistemai asab, siste-
mai asabi diffuzi yo turshakl ba shumor meravad. In shak-
li sistemai asab khosi rudakovokho, masalan gidra mebo-
shad. Sistemai asabi gidra az hujayrahoi asabii dar ta-
momi badani vay parokanda iborat ast. Rasmi 5a. Hayajon
dar chunin sistemai asab ba hama samtho barobar pahn
meshavad. Az in ru, aksulamali in mavjudot noaniq va guyo
takhmini ast. Agar ba palmosakhoi gidra suzan khalonida
shavad, u tamomi badanashro ba khud kashida jam meshavad.
Hol on ki hayvonoti sistemai asabashon nisbatan murak-
kabtar hangomi chunin munosibat metavonand tanho uzvi
mutaassirshudaro ba khud kashand. Hususiyati digari si-
stemai asabi diffuzi dar on ifoda meyobad, ki novobasta
az shakli tasirot aksulamal ba on yakkhela meboshad. Ta-
kon dodani zarfe, ki dar on gidra nigoh doshta shudaast,
dast rasonidan ba vay va yo tasiri angezai khimiyavi
hamon yak namud aksulamal – jamshavii gidraro ba vujud
meovarand.
Sistemai asabi nisbatan murakkabtar sistemai asa-
bi girehshakl meboshad, ki hujayrahoi on dar qitahoi
alohidai badan mutamarkaz shuda, girehhoi asabiro ba
vujud meovarand, va girehhoi asabi bayni ham bo nakhhoi
asabi payvasta, zanjirai asabiro hosil mekunand. Rasmi
5b, v. Dar chunin namudi sistemai asab har yak girehi asabi
amali reflekshoi muayyanro ba tavri mustaqilona tamin
mekunad. CHunin namudi sistemai asabro dar kirmho,
hasharot, kharchangho, tortanakho va
chilpo vokhurdan mumkin ast. Dar si-
stemai asabi in mavjudot hayajon na
ba samthoi gunogun, balki allakay ba
samti muayyan pahn meshavad, ki in
bartariro dar zudi va aniqii aksu-
lamal tamin menamoyad.
Namudi boz ham murakkabtari
sistemai asab, ki darajai balandta-
rini tahavvuloti onro ifoda meku-
nad, sistemai asabi mutamarkaz me-
boshad. Dar sistemai asabi mutamar-
kaz mekhanizmi tanzimi asabiyu psi-
khiki dar qismati yagonai markazi
markazonida shudaast. In namudi si-
stemai asab dar muhradoron tashak-
kul yoftaast. SHakli soddatarini on,
ki dar neshtarshakl mushohida mesha-
vad, az sokhtori asabii noyshakl
iborat ast. Noyi soddai asabi ba da-
rozii badani in hayvoni obi tul
kashida, yagon barjastagi nadorad.
Dar muhradoroni murakkab qismi
peshi noyi asabi tashakkul yofta,
barjastagiro hosil kardaast, ki
magzi sar nomida meshavad. Ammo
sokhtori noyshakl niz dar shakli
harommagz boqi mondaast, va az in ru
in namudi sistemai asabro sistemai
asabi naychashakl niz menomand. Ras-
mi 5g-d. Sistemai asab dar namo-
yandagoni sinfi shirkhuron ba da-
rajai nihoii inkishofi khud merasad
va magzi sar ba uzvi muhimtarini on
tabdil meyobad.
Sistemai asabi noyshakl khususan dar marhalahoi
okhirini inkishofi on aksulamalhoi favquldaqiqro
tamin karda metavonad.
Hamin tavr chunone, ki olimi rus S. L. Rubinshteyn
qayd mekunad, dar aloqamandi bo inkishofi sistemai
asab funksiyahoi on az rui qonuniyati muayyan tashakkul
meyoband, ki on dar takmili makhsusgardii aksulamalho
zohir megardad. Dar ibtido angezandahoi beruna aksula-
mali parokanda (diffuzi)- ro ba vujud meovarand, min-
bad makhsusgardii aksulamalho ba amal meoyad.
Sistemai asab dar davrai muayyani tahavvuloti khud
khususiyati nav, yane psikhika yo inikosi psikhikiro sohib
gardidaast. Doir ba nuqtai ibtidoi in davra hanuz ham
dar bayni olimon ikhtilof vujud dorad, masalan, baze
muallifon chunin meshumorand, ki aksulamalhoi orga-
nizmhoi soddatarin, ki tanho nisbati tasiroti bevosi-
tai hayotan muhim zohir meshavad, allakay zuhuroti psi-
khiki ba shumor meravad. Ammo guruhi digari olimon in
tipi aksulamalhoro hanuz zinai topsikhiki medonand.
Muvofiqi farziyai muhaqqiqi rus A. N. Leontev qobili-
yati inikos namudani tanho tasiroti hayotan muhimi
muhit, ki ba organizmhoi soddatarin khos ast, hanuz ni-
shonai psikhika nameboshad. Olim in qobiliyatro mutaas-
sirshavi nomidaast.
Dar jarayoni tahavvulot, dar organizmhoi nisbatan
murakkab namudi navi mutaassirshavi – hassosi ba vujud
omadaast, ki asosan bo inkishofi tarikhii uzvhoi his
aloqamandi dorad. Tafovut va bartariyati hassosi bar
mutaassirshavi dar on ifoda meyobad, ki organizmi doroi
chunin namudi qobiliyati inikos mavjudiyati obekti ha-
yotan muhimro na tanho dar asosi qabuli tasiri bevosita
az on, balki tavassuti nishonahoi bavositai on – an-
gezandahoi signali niz muayyan karda metavonand. An-
gezandahoi signali – in chunin tasiroti obekthoi muhit
meboshand, ki khud baroi organizmi dodashuda yagon ahami-
yati hayotiro ifoda namekunand, yane na yagon talabot va
ehtiyojoti onro qanoatmand mesozand va na mavjudiyati
onro ba khatar meguzorand, ammo doir ba mavjudiyat va
ehtimoliyati chunin tasiroti hayotan muhim khabar mera-
sonand. Masalan, chunin khususiyathoi ashyo ba misli rang,
shakl va buyi on baroi organizm befarq ast, vale onho
doir ba mavjudiyati khudi ashyo guvohi medihand, ki meta-
vonad ba sifati gizo baromad namuda, talaboti organi-
kii organizmro qanoatmand sozad.
Ba aqidai A. N. Leontev, mahz zuhuroti hassosi
nuqtai ibtidoii inkishofi psikhika ba shumor meravad.
Nuqtai nazari kheshro doir ba tahavvuloti minbadai
psikhika va raftor olim dar asari khud «Masalahoi in-
kishofi psikhika» (1972) mufassal bayon namudaast, ki on
dar solhoi 90- um az jonibi muhaqqiqi digari rus K. E.
Fabri vobasta ba dastovardhoi navini ilmi zoopsikholo-
giya mukammal va daqiq karda shudaast. In nazariya dar
ilmi muosir bo nomi nazariyai Leontev – Fabri mamul
ast. Muvofiqi on, tarikhi inkishofi psikhika va rafto-
ri mavjudot ba du zina: zinai psikhikai soddai sensori va
zinai psikhikai perseptivi judo karda meshavad. Zinai
avval du daraja dorad, ki onho: darajahoi poyoni va oli
meboshand. Zinai duvum boshad, iborat ast az se daraja:
poyoni, oli va olitarin. Asosi tafriqaguzorii in du zi-
naro tavsifdihandahoi asosii rohhoi ba dast ovardani
akhborot dar borai olami ihotakarda tashkil medihad.
Baroi zinai avval usuli sensori yo darajai ehsosii bada-
storii akhborot khos ast. Baroi zinai duvum boshad, usuli
perseptivi yo darajai idrok. Zinai psikhikai soddai sen-
sori unsurhoi ibtidoii hassosiro, ki dar doirai sha-
klhoi soddatarini ehsos ba vujud meoyand, tavsif
medihad. Zinai psikhikai perseptivi boshad dar tahav-
vuloti psikhika va raftori hayvonot jahishi buzurg buda,
qabuli akhboroti muhitro dar shakli obrazhoi yaklukht
ifoda mekunad. Nig. jadvali 1.
Har yak zinai inkishofi psikhika hatman bo tashakku-
lu takomuli sistemai asab va yak qator omilhoi digar
marbut ast. In fikrro tamomi muhaqiqoni in masala
tasdiq menamoyand. Ba aqidai S. L. Rubinshteyn
«…inkishofi psikhika va raftor bo murakkabshavi va
tagyiryobii sharoitho va tarzi hayotguzaronii organizmho,
inkishofi sistemai asab va minbad takomulu mutamar-
kazshavii on, inchunin inkishofi uzvhoi his va dar okhir
bo paydoishi retseptorhoi masofavi vobastagi dorad».
(S.L.Rubinshteyn. Osnovi obshey psikhologii. Spb: izd.
Piter, 2000. s.114).
Hamin tavr, murakkabshavii sharoithoi zist va ta-
shakkuli sistemai asab allakay dar bandpoyho, ki namo-
yandai tipi sistemai asabi girehshakl meboshand, shakli
nav va nisbatan murakkabi raftor – instinktro ba vujud
meovarad. Instinkt – shakli irsi va kamtagyirpaziri
raftor meboshad, ki mutobikati organizmro ba sharo-
ithoi khosi hayotguzaronii u tamin mekunad.
Instinktho jarayoni minbadai tahavvuloti psikhika
va raftorro hamrohi namuda, muntazam murakkab megar-
dand va tanho dar zinahoi nihoii on bo sababi ba vujud
omadani unsurhoi raftori boshuurona ahamiyati khudro
dar hayoti fard to andozae az dast medihand.
