Suhbati psikhologi

03.05.2024 Ilm 3 Views

Guftugu dar bayni du shakhs, ki
dar rafti on yake khususiyathoi psikhologii digarero oshkor
mesozad, suhbati psikhologi meboshad. Suhbati psikhologi
chunin metod ast, ki dastrasnamoii bavosita va yo bevosi-
tai malumotro bo rohi muoshirati shifohi peshbini me-
kunad. On metodi baroi psikhologiya khosi tadqiqi rafto-
ri odam ast, zero dar digar ilmhoi tabiatshinosi robi-
tai bevosita dar bayni subekt va obekti tadqiqot im-
konnopazir ast. In metod asosan bo maqsadi oshkorsozii
khususiyatihoi fardii shakhs (sohai maromho va emotsio-
nali, donishho, etiqod, maqsadguzoriho, sistemai muno-
sibatho va g.) tashkil karda meshavad. Hangomi suhbat
malumotro dar borai khususiyathoi shakhs ham bevosita az
sukhanoni hamsuhbat va ham tavassuti mushohidai raftori
u, khususan tarzi sukhanroni, nigoh, mimika, imovu isho-
raho, dalel va misolovari va monandi inho ba dast ovar-
dan mumkin ast.

Metodi suhbat asosan dar shakli suhbati kliniki
istifoda burda meshavad, vale in manoi onro nadorad,
ki on tanho bo bemoroni klinika guzaronida meshuda
boshad. Suhbati kliniki guftugui tadqiqotchi bo ozmu-
dashavanda bo maqsadi ba dast ovardani malumoti
beshtar dar borai khususiyathoi fardiyu shakhsi, hayoti gu-
zashta, muhtavoi shuuru zershuuri u va monandi inho me-
boshad. In metod odatan dar binohoi makhsus jihozoni-
dashuda guzaronida shuda, aksar vaqt hamchun qismati tar-
kibii mashvarati psikhologi va yo treningi psikhologi ba-
romad mekunad.

YAke az shaklhoi suhbati kliniki usuli «assosiat-
siyahoi ozod» meboshad. Tadqiqotchi hangomi on baroi
guftugu fazoi musoid faroham ovarda, ravandi suhbatro
faol, vale mavzui onro ozod nigoh medorad. Dar natija
ozmudashavanda mavzui suhbatro tadrijan va beikhtiyor ba
samti mushkilihoi khud mekashad.

Omodagi ba guzaronidani suhbati psikhologi avvalan
az muayyankunii hadafi tadqiqot va badan az intikhobi
savolhoi maqsadnok va nigahdorandae ogoz meyobad, ki
tadqiqotchi ba ozmudashavanda peshnihod kardan mekhohad.
Savolhoi maqsadnok ba ijroi vazifai dar nazdi
tadqiqot guzoshtashuda ravona gardidaand. Savolhoi
nigahdoranda boshand, baroi dar doirai zaruri va fazoi
muvofiq nigoh doshtani suhbat lozimand. Savolhoi ba-
roi ravandi suhbat peshbinishuda bo paihamii taqribi
dar shakli ruikhat sabt karda meshavand, ki onro savolno-
mai suhbat menomand.

Hangomi istifodai metodi suhbat tajribai kasbii
tadqiqotchi, darajai donishhoi nazariyavii u va mahorati
tashkili suhbat, inchunin yak qator khususiyathoi shakhsii
vay ahamiyati muhim paydo mekunand.

Hamin tavr tadqiqotchi boyad baroi istifodai meto-
di suhbat tajribai kofi doshta boshad, to sahvi imkonpa-
zirro ba darajai kamtarin rasonad, zero ba ravandi
suhbat va natijai on omilhoi ziyod, az qabili holati
jismi va ruhii ozmudashavanda, munosibati u ba
tadqiqotchi va ba ravandi suhbat, inchunin omili vaziyat
va vaqt tasir merasonand.

Malumoti dar ravandi suhbati psikhologi badasto-
madaro khudi eksperimenator yo yovari u sabt mekunad. Agar
sabti malumot dar jarayoti suhbat surat girad, metavo-
nad fazoi bovariro az bayn barad. Istifodai dastgohhoi
makhfii sabtkunanda (audio- va videosabtkunandaho)
boshand metavonand masalahoi akhloqiyu huquqiro ba
miyon ovarand. Az in sabab sabti malumotro pas az
suhbat az rui malumoti dar khotir hifzshuda anjom do-
dan lozim ast. Inro niz ba etibor giriftan lozim ast,
ki dar in holat qismati malumot faromush meshavad.
Agar sabti malumot ba tavri dasti surat girad, pas on-
ro hatman kodguzori namudan lozim ast.

Natijahoi az metodi suhbat badastomada ba kor-
kardi omori muvofiq nestand. Az rui onho doir ba khu-
susiyati tadqiqshavanda tanho khulosahoi umumi barovar-
dan mumkin ast. Az in ru natijahoi suhbat asosan kharak-
teri omuzishi peshakiro dorand va hatman boyad bo
natijahoi metodhoi digar muqoisa karda shavand. Voba-
sta ba in, suhbat az jonibi baze muallifon na hamchun
metodi mustaqil, balki qismati tarkibii metodi mu-
shohida, eksperiment yo anketaguzaroni baho doda mesha-
vad.

Musohibai psikhologi. Musohiba yo intervyu chunin
metodi tadqiqoti ijtimoi – psikhologi meboshad, ki bada-
stovarii malumotro dar shakli pursishi afkori odamon
doir ba masalai tadqiqshavanda va tahlili muqoisavii
javobho peshbini mekunad. Metodi musohiba asosan khosi
tadqiqoti ijtimoi meboshad. Dar psikhologiya boshad on
dar sohahoi psikhologiyai ijtimoi, psikhologiyai shakhs va
psikhologiyai mehnat istifoda burda meshavad.

Musohibaro «psevdosuhbat» (az yun. psevdos-
durugin) menomand, zero on dar shakli suhbati kutoh ja-
rayon megirad va hangomi on ozodii mavzu niz mahdud ast.
Intervyuer (tadqiqotchii istifodabarandai intervyu) bo-
yad maqsadi tadqiqotro az maddi nazar dur namonda, savo-
lu javobro dar doirai on anjom dihad. Hangomi mu-
sohibai psikhologi niz chun suhbat mavjudiyati fazoi bo-
vari muhim ast. Hangomi intervyuguzaroni mavqei
neytrali (betarafonaro) nigoh doshtan lozim ast va
kushish namudan zarur ast, to ki nuqtai nazar va munosi-
bati kheshro ba masalai tadqiqshavanda, hamsuhbat,
muhtavoi savol va javobho oshkor nasozem.

Musohibai standarti va gayristandartiro farq
mekunand. Hangomi musohibai gayristandarti tagyir-
dihii paihami, shakl va miqdori savolhoi peshnihodsha-
vanda imkonpazir ast va in afzaliyati onro dar samti
tatbiqi universali ifoda mekunad. Musohibai stan-
darti boshad imkoniyati balandi muqoisai malumoti
badstovardashuda va jambastnamoii favrii onro
tamin namuda dar samti korkardi natijaho bartari do-
rad. Tartibi soddai istifodai musohibai standarti im-
kon medihad, ki ba barguzorii on shakhsoni gayrimutakhas-
sis niz jalb karda shavad.

Bartarii asosii metodi musohiba dar on ifoda me-
yobad, ki avvalan tavassuti on dar muddati nisbatan kutoh
bo miqdori ziyodi ozmudashavandaho tadqiqot guzaroni-
dan mumkin ast va duvvum malumoti az on badastomada
ba korkardi vasei omori dastrasand. Kambudii musohiba
az on iborat ast, ki ba khususiyathoi psikhologi na dar aso-
si tahlili amiq, balki tanho az rui sukhanoni khudi ozmu-
dashavandaho va muqoisai onho baho doda meshavad.

Pursishi psikhologi. Pursish dar tadqiqoti psikho-
logi chunin metodi badastovarii malumot ast, ki hango-
mi on dar asosi javobhoi ozmudashavandagon ba yak qator
savolhoi bo tavri shifohi peshnihodgardida doir ba khu-
susiyathoi psikhikai onho khulosaho barovarda meshavand.

Metodi pursish dar tadqiqoti psikhologi aksar
vaqt ahamiyati yorirason doshta, goho dar yakjoyagi bo mu-
shohida va yo ozmoishi psikhologi va bazan hamchun qismi
tarkibii in metodho istifoda burda meshavad. Onro dar
holathoe istifoda mebarand, ki badastovarii malumoti
zaruri bo vositai metodhoi digar dushvor va yo imkonno-
pazir ast. Az jumla dar holate, ki zuhuroti omukhtasha-
vanda ba nazorati beruna dastras nest; dar holate, ki
omuzishi masala bo yorii mushohida va eksperiment im-
konpazir ast, vale tadqiqi tuloni va murakkabro talab
mekunad; dar holate, ki az metodhoi digar malumoti mu-
kammal ba dast nameoyad va yo dar holate, ki hangomi pesh-
nihodi savol tagyiryobii raftor va holati ozmudashavan-
daro mushohida kardan lozim ast.

Pursishi ozod va standartiro farq mekunand. Pur-
sishi ozod chunin shaklhoi pursish ast, ki hangomi on sa-
volhoi peshnihodshavanda va javobhoi imkonpazir ba on
peshaki dar doirai meyori muayyan mahdud karda nashuda-
ast. In shakli pursish imkoniyat medihad, ki taktikai
tadqiqot va mazmuni savolhoro vobasta ba vaziyat tagyir
doda, javobhoi nodiru gayristandarti ba dast ovarda
shavand. Pursishi standarti, ki hangomi on savolho va
javobhoi imkonpazir ba onho peshaki muayyan va odatan
dar chorchubai tang mahdud karda shudaand, nisbat ba pur-
sishi ozod az nigohi sarfai vaqt va mavod bartari dorad.

Baroi bomuvaffaqiyat guzaronidani pursish ijroi
yak qator qoidaho zarur ast: savolho boyad ba ozmudasha-
vandagon fahmo boshand; savolho naboyad kharakteri
talqinkunanda doshta boshand, yane onho naboyad javobero
ba ozmudashavanda talqin namoyand; pursidashavanda boyad
ba maqsadnokii pursish bovari doshta boshad va az oqiba-
ti manfii javobho naharosad. Odatan pesh az pursish bo
ozmudashavanda suhbat guzaronida meshavad va on boyad fa-
zoi bovari va hamdigarfahmiro ba vujud ovarad.

Anketai psikhologi. Anketa in varaqai savolnoma
baroi dastrasnamoii javob ba majmui savolhoi peshaki
muqarrarkardashuda meboshad. Anketahoi psikhologi oda-
tan dar shakli savolnomahoi bastandartdarovardashudae
sokhta meshavand, ki az ruikhati mulohizaho iborat buda,
ozmudashavandagon metavonand bo mazmuni onho rozi sha-
vand va yo rozi nashavand.

Anketa odatan az se qism tarkib yoftaast: qismati
muqaddimavi, asosi va biografiki. Qismi muqaddima az
murojiat ba ozmudashavanda iborat ast, ki dar on maqsa-
di anketaguzaroni, sharthoi makhfiyati javobho, samti is-
tifodai natijaho va tartibi pur kardni anketa sharh do-
da meshavad. Qismati asosi az savolho dar borai dalelho,
raftor, mahsuli faoliyat, maromho, bahoguzori va af-
kori ozmudashavandagon iborat ast. Dar qismati seyumi
anketa odatan savolho doiri malumoti ijtimoi – demo-
grafi va biografiki oid ba ozmudashavanda ovarda me-
shavand.

Aksar vaqt istifodai shakli makhfii anketa, yane
anketae, ki dar on ba ozmudashavanda ijozat doda mesha-
vad, to ki nomu nasabi khudro qayd nakunad, dastras-
namoii malumoti daqiq va mukammalro tamin mekunad.

Anketa mohiyatan shakli khattii metodi pursish ast,
va az in ru tamomi meyoru talabot va qoidahoi pesh-
nihodshavanda baroi in du metod umumiand.

Etimodnoki va sahehii malumoti az anketahoi
psikhologi badastomada ba darajai muayyan az tartib va
tarkibi savolhoi on vobastagi dorad. Vobasta ba in,
nisbati savolhoi anketai psikhologi talaboti muayyan
mavjudand. Hamin tavr, hangomi omoda namudani savol-
noma chunin qoidahoi tahiyai savolhoro ba etibor gi-
riftan lozim ast:

savolho boyad ba maqsad va vazifahoi tadqiqot
muvofiqat kunand;
mazmuni savol boyad baroi tamomi omudashavanda-
gon fahmo boshad, va az in ru az istifodai istilohoti
kammamul dast kashidan lozim ast;
savolho naboyad az jumlahoi daroz yo matni ka-
lonhajm sokhta shuda boshand;
savolhoro tavre tartib dodan lozim ast, ki ozmu-
dashavndagonro faol gardonand, diqkati onhoro ba
masalai tadqiqshavanda jalb sozand;
savolho boyad mazmuni neytrali (betaraf) doshta
boshand va yagon javobro ba ozmudashavanda talqin naku-
nand;
dar savolnoma boyad muvozinati javobhoi imkon-
paziri musbi va manfi rioya karda shavad, vagarna on me-
tavonad ba ozmudashavandagon samti muayyanro talqin
namoyad;
doirai javobhoi imkonpazir boyad tamomi jan-
bahoi savolro faro girad, az jumla varianthoi javobi
musbi va manfi, inchunin javobhoi namudi «namedonam»,
«dar javob dushvori mekasham» va monandi inho.

Savolhoi anketaho az rui yak qator alomathoi
muhimi onho tasnif karda meshavand, az jumla: az rui
tarkib, vazifa, sakhtor va shakl.

Az rui tarkib tamomi savolhoro ba du guruhi ka-
lon judo mekunand: savolho dar borai dalelho, hodisaho
va savolho dar borai bahoi ozmudashavanda ba in hodi-
saho.

Az rui vazifaashon chor namudi savolhoro farq me-
kunand: asosi, poloishi (filtrkunanda), nazorati va ro-
bitavi. Agar savolhoi asosi baroi dastrasnamoii
malumoti zaruri ravona gardida boshand, pas vazifai
savolhoi poloishi judo namudani ozmudashavandagoni
besalohiyat ast. Savolhoi nazorati baroi aniq namudani
durustii javobho ba savolhoi asosi istifoda burda me-
shavand. CHunin savolho odatan mazmuni savolhoi asosiro
takror mekunand, vale dar shakli digar. Savolhoi robi-
tavi imkoniyat medihand, ki dar bayni tadqiqotchi va re-
spondent (pursidashavanda) robitai bovaribakhsh ba vujud
oyad.

Vobasta ba sokhtori savolho onhoro ba namudhoi
kushoda va pushida judo mekunand. Agar savolho tavre
sokhta shuda boshand, ki ozmudashavanda javobro mu-
staqilona omoda namoyad, yane javob bo variantho mahdud
karda nashuda boshad, pas onro savoli kushoda menomand.
Agar savoli peshnihodshavanda bo varianthoi javobi im-
konpazir mahdud karda shuda boshad, yane agar ozmudasha-
vanda tanho imkoniyati intikhobi yake az javobhoi peshbi-
nishudaro doshta boshad, pas sukhan dar borai savoli
pushida meravad. Se namudi savolhoi pushida farq karda
meshavand: a) savolhoi ananavii tipi «ha – ne»; b) sa-
volhoi doroi javobi alternativi, ki az ruikhati
javobhoi imkonpazir intikhob namudani yake az variantro
peshnihod mekunad; v) savolhoi tipi «menyu», ki ba ozmu-
dashavanda imkoniyati yakbora intikhob namudani yakchand
varianti javobhoro faroham meovarad.

Az rui shakl savolhoro ba bevosita va bavosita yo
loihvi judo mekunand. Agar savoli bevosita pursishi
ruirosti fikri ozmudashavanda boshad, pas hangomi savo-
li loihavi fikri u tavassuti vaziyati farzkardashuda
oshkor karda meshavad. Savoli zerin namunai savoli be-
vosita ast: «oyo fikri kasi digarro, ki bo aqidai SHumo
mukholif ast, ba inobat megired?» Hamin savolro dar
namudi savoli bavosita bo chunin tarz peshnihod kardan
mumkin ast: «baze odamon meguyand: «onhoero, ki bo
aqidai man mukholifand, gush kardan namekhoham». SHumo
dar in bora chi fikr dored?» Bartarii savolhoi bavosita
dar on ifoda meyobad, ki vaziyati mushakhkhasro bayon namu-
da, ba zudii fahmishi savol va bayoni javob musoidat kar-
da, imkoniyati bavujudoii vaziyathoi muvaqqatii ikhti-
lofiro az bayn mebarand.

Bartarii metodi anketa dar on ifoda meyobad, ki
imkoniyat medihad, to dar muddati nisbatan kutoh miqdo-
ri ziyodi ozmudashavandaho ba tadqiqot faro girifta sha-
vand, va tavassuti on mavodi nihoyat ziyodro ba dast ovar-
dan mumkin ast, ki sahehii onro «qonuni raqamhoi bu-
zurg» tamin mekunad.

Metodi anketa niz az norasoiho kholi nest va kam-
budihoi asosii in metod chuninand:

hangomi on samimi budani ozmudashavandagonro
nazorat kardan dushvor ast, zero tavassuti anketa na mu-
nosibati voqei, balki tanho fikri onho dar borai in yo
on obekt oshkor karda meshavad;
aksar vaqt aksulamali ozmudashavandaro ba sa-
volhoi peshnihodshavanda mushohida kardan va mazmuni
savolhoro vobasta ba vaziyat digargun kardan gayriim-
kon ast;
natijahoi anketaro tahlili sifati namudan va
bo raftoru faoliyati ozmudashavandagon muqoisa kardan
dushvor ast.

Natijahoi pursish va anketahoi psikhologiro oda-
tan bo usulhoi omori korkard menamoyand.

Testhoi psikhologi. Testi psikhologi – in majmui
suporishhoi bastandartdarovardashudai kutohmuddatest,
ki bahoi miqdori va sifatii natijai ijroishi onho
mavjudiyat va yo darajai inkishofi funksiyahoi muayyani
psikhikiro oshkor mesozad.

Avvalin murattibi testhoi psikhologi olimi fa-
ronsavi Alfred Bine (1857 – 1911) shumorida meshavad, ki
soli 1905 baroi tashkhisi qobiliyathoi aqlonii kudakon
avvalin testi sajishi aqlro tartib dodaast. Testhoi psi-
khologi baroi andozagirii standartii tafovuti infi-
rodi istifoda burda meshavad. Bo yorii testho mavjudiyat
va yo mavjud nabudani qobiliyatho, malaka, mahorathoi
muayyan, baze sifathoi shakhsi, darajai korshoyamii shakhs
dar in yo on namudi faoliyatro ba tavri daqiq tavsif do-
dan imkonpazir ast.

Sohahoi asosii istifodai metodi test inhoyand: 1)
maorif va malumot; 2) tayyorii kasbi va intikhobi kasb;
3) mashvarati psikhologi; 4) faoliyati amalii kliniki.

Test – in tartibi bastandartdarovardashudai ando-
zagirii psikhologi meboshad, ki bo istifodai on dar mud-
dati kutoh doir ba zuhuroti omukhtashavanda malumoti
daqiqi miqdori yo sifati ba dast ovardan mumkin ast. On
odatan az suporish yo sanjishhoi kutoh dar namudi tahlili
muhokima, halli masala, rasmkashi, naql az rui rasm va
monandi inho iborat ast. Testho az digar metodhoi
tadqiqoti bo tartibi aniqmuayyanshuda va bastandartda-
rovardashudai jamovari, korkard va sharhi malumot
farq mekunand, ki in imkoniyat medihad to psikhologiyai
odamoni komilan gunogun muqoisa karda shavand. Test
mahz bo in khususiyathoi khud seristemoltarin metodi
psikhologi ba shumor meravad.

Tartibi tashkili testguzaroni az se davra iborat
ast: 1) intikhobi test; 2) testguzaroni; 3) korkardi

natijahoi test. Dar hamai in davraho ishtiroki psikholo-
gi mutakhassis yo odami makhsusomodakardashuda lozim ast.

Testhoi psikhologiro az rui yakchand meyor tasnif
mekunand: 1) az rui khususiyathoi istifodai suporishhoi
testi (shifohi, amali); 2) az rui shakli barguzornamoi
(guruhi, fardi); 3) az rui samti tashkhis (testhoi tashkhisi
qobiliyat, tashkhisi shakhsiyat, tashkhisi funksiyahoi
alohidai psikhiki); 4) az rui mahdudiyati vaqti ijroi su-
porish (testhoi suratsanj va natijasanj); 5) az rui
maqsadi istifoda (testhoi intikhobi kasb, tashkhisi kli-
niki, oshkornamoii shavqu havasho va g.); 6) az rui mavodi
istifodashavanda (testhoi blankavi, predmeti va dast-
gohi); 7) az rui sokhtori tarkibi (gemogenni yo yaktarkiba
va geterogenni yo bisyortarkiba).

Tasnifoti beshtar mamulgardida se varianti
testhoi psikhologiro peshnihod mekunad: test – pursishno-
ma, test – suporish va testhoi proektivi. Test – pursish-
noma az sistemai muhokima yo savolhoi peshaki fikrkar-
dashuda, bodiqqat korkardashuda va az nigohi etimodno-
kiyu validnoki sanjidashudaest, ki az rui javob ba onho
doir ba khususiyathoi psikhologii ozmudashavanda khulosaho
barovardan mumkin ast.

Test – suporish bahoguzori ba khususiyathoi psikho-
logi va raftori odamro dar asosi kori ijrokardai u
peshnihod mekunad. Hangomi chunin testho ba ozmudasha-
vanda majmui suporishhoi makhsus peshnihod karda mesha-
vad, ki az rui natijahoi ijroishi on doir ba mavjud bu-
dan yo nabudan va yo darajai inkishofi in yo on khususiyati u
khulosa barovarda meshavad.

Test – pursishnoma va test – suporish baroi odamoni
sinnu sol, madaniyat, darajahoi malumotnoki, kasbu kor
va tajribai hayotiashon gunogun muvofiq ast, ki in bar-
tariyati onhoro ifoda me-
kunad.

Testhoi proektivi –
guruhi metodikahoe mebo-
shand, ki ba vositai onho
tashkhisi khususiyathoi shakhs
dar asosi tahlili raftori
u dar vaziyathoi nomuayyan
va sermano surat megirad.
Psikholog bo yorii testhoi
proektivi ozmudashavanda-
ro ba vaziyati khayolii pe-
shakiomodakardashudai do-
roi syujeti nomayyan meba-

ast. Ba sifati chunin vaziyat metavonad rasmhoe baromad

rad va az u sharhi vaziyati
dodashudaro khohish meku-
nad. SHarhi vaziyat ozod
buda, ba darku fahmishi
ozmudashavanda vobasta
kunand, ki dar onho odamoni nomalum ba amalhoi nomu-
ayyan mashguland va az ozmudashavanda khohish karda mesha-
vad, ki ba savolhoi «in odamon kistand?», «onho ba chi
kor mashguland?» va monandi inho javob gufta, ba rasm
mano bakhshad. Rasmi 4. Dar asosi tahlili javobhoi oz-
mudashavandagon hatto dar borai on khususiyathoi shakhsii
u khulosaho barovardan mumkin ast, ki asosi beshuurona
dorand. Asosi chunin testhoro mekhanizmi proeksiya tash-
kil medihad, ki muvofiqi on khususiyathoi az jonibi khudi
u darknashavanda, khususan kambudihoyashro odam mayli ba
digaron mansub donistan dorad. CHunin testhoro istifo-
da burda istoda, doir ba psikhologiyai ozmudashavanda dar
asosi on khulosaho mebarorand, ki u chi tavr vaziyat, khu-
susiyathoi psikhologi va raftori odamoni digarro dark
mekunad va baho medihad, kadom khususiyathoi shakhsi, ma-
romhoi tabiati musbi yo manfidoshtaro ba onho mansub
medonad. Testhoi proektivi vobasta ba yak qator khususi-
yathoi khud az jonibi psikholog donishi nazariyavi va
tajribai balandi kasbiro talab mekunad.

Testho ba sifati asbobi andozagiri istifoda me-
shavand, va az in ru onho boyad ba talaboti jiddi javobgu
boshand. Majmui suporishhoi tasodufiro test nomidan
nashoyad. Sifati testhoi psikhologi az rui etimodnoki
(ustuvorii natijahoi testguzaronii takrori), validnoki
(muvofiqati test ba maqsadi tashkhis) va qimmati taf-
riqavii suporishho (khosiyati test, ki qobiliyati vobasta
ba darajai ifodayobii khususiyati tadqiqshavanda ba zer-
guruhho judo kardani ozmudashavandagonro ifoda meku-
nad) baho doda meshavad.

Istifodai test tanho dar doirai hamon masalae
imkonpazir ast, ki baroi on sokhta shudaast va dar muno-
sibat bo on sanjida shudaast. Testhoro nametavon hamchun
vositai universalii tashkhis baho dod.

Boyad qayd namud, ki testho dar tadqiqoti psikho-
logi chandon naqshi muhim namebozand, vale dar tashkhisi
psikhologi metodi az hama muhimtar ba shumor meravand.

Metodi tahlili mahsuli faoliyat. In metod
mohiyatan ba testhoi proektivi monand ast, vale na
natijahoi suporishi makhsuspeshnihodgardida, balki
mahsuli faoliyati dar sharoiti tabii ijronamudai shakh-
sro tahlil menamoyad.

Tahlili mahsuli faoliyat chunin metodi
tadqiqoti psikhologi ast, ki tavassuti on tadqiqotchi ba
khususiyathoi psikhologii ozmudashavanda na dar asosi mu-
shohida yo andozagirii raftori faol, balki zimni
natijai raftoru faoliyati qablan ijrokardai u baho
medihad. Odam dar hamaguna amalu raftor va faoliyati
ijrokardaash az khud «izi» muayyan meguzorad, ki az
tarzhoi baroi u khosi ijronamoii onho barmeoyand. Meto-
di tahlili mahsuli faoliyat chunin «iz»- horo dar
natijahoi faoliyati ejodi, asarhoi badei, osori sanat,
faoliyati jismoni va tahlili fikrhoi mushohidon
justuju mekunad. Hamin tavr dar tahlili mahsuli
faoliyat ishtiroki khudi ozmudashavanda shart nest. In
khususiyat farqiyat va afzaliyati asosii in metodro az me-
todhoi digari psikhologi ifoda mekunad.

Omuzishi mahsuli faoliyat imkoniyat medihad, ki
dar borai darajai azkhudkardashudai faoliyat va mahora-
tu malakahoi bo on aloqamand, dar borai kushishu gayrat
va pokvijdoni hangomi badastovarii maqsad, dar borai
tashabbuskori va ejodkori, oid ba peshraviho dar
faoliyati amaliyu ejodi va inkishofi shakhsiyat malumot
ba dast ovarda shavad.

Vobasta ba on, ki muvaffaqiyathoi alohida dar
mahsuli faoliyat metavonand tasodufi boshand, baroi
malumoti daqiq ba dast ovardan boyad mahsuli faoli-
yathoi gunoguni hamon yak ozmudashavandaro tahlil namu-
da, natijahoi onhoro muqoisa kardan lozim ast.

Metodi tahlili mahsuli faoliyat khususan dar
psikhologiyai tarikhi, psikhologiyai sanat va ejodiyot,
psikhologiyai kliniki, inchunin kriminalistikai psikho-
logi vase istifoda burda meshavad.

Dar tadqiqoti psikhologi inchunin yak qator me-
todhoi makhsus niz istifoda burda meshavand, ki az
ahamiyati buzurgi ilmiyu amali kholi nestand, vale sohai
tatbiqashon nihoyat mahdud ast. Muhimtarin metodhoi
makhsusi psikhologi sotsiometriya, metodi tamsilasozi
(modelsozi), metodi bahoi eksperti yo metodi jambastna-
moii tavsifdihandahoi mustaqil, metodi dugonikho va
metodi loihavi meboshand.

Sotsiometriya. In metod az jonibi olimi ruminta-
bori amrikoi Jekob Levi Moreno baroi omuzishi muno-
sibathoi baynishakhsi kor karda baromada shudaast. Sot-
siometriya mamultarin metodi tadqiqoti ijtimoi – psi-
khologii omuzishi guruhhoi khurdi odamon va mavqei shakhs
dar guruh buda, mohiyatan az omezishi metodhoi ozmoish va
pursishi psikhologi tarkib yoftaast.

Metodi tamsilasozi. Tamsila – in shakli ba tavri
suni sokhtashuda va nisbatan soddakardashudai zuhuroti
omukhtashavanda meboshad, ki unsurhoi baroi tadqiqot za-
rurii sokhtori on nigoh doshta shuda yo hatto purzur gar-
donida shuda, unsurhoi digar metavonand bartaraf karda
shavand. Tamsilasozi yo modelsozi hamchun metod dar on
holate istifoda burda meshavad, ki agar zuhuroti
omukhtashavanda murakkab va dastnoras boshad. Dar chunin
mavrid tamsilai sunii zuhuroti omukhtashavanda sokhta
meshavad va bo on tadqiqot guzaronida meshavad.

Tamsilaho metavonand tekhniki, mantiqi, matema-
tiki va yo kibernetiki boshand.

Metodi bahoi eksperti. Bahoi eksperti – metodi
baho dodan ba khususiyathoi shakhs bo rohi daryofti miyonai
arifmetikii fikri mutakhassisoni alohida meboshad.
Mohiyati in metod az on iborat ast, ki malumot dar bo-
rai khususiyathoi shakhs az mutakhassisone, ki uro dar
faoliyathoi gunogun mushohida kardaand, dastras va
jambast karda meshavad. Baroi jambastnamoii fikri
mutakhassison va daryofti miyonai arifmetikii on asosan
usuli bahoguzori az rui «kholhoi kanori»- ro istifoda
mebarand, ammo bazan usulhoi faoliyati kollektivii
eksperti niz dar namudi mashvarat, mubohisa, «hujumi
zehni» istifoda burda meshavand.

Metodi mazkur yak nav omezishi metodhoi mu-
shohida va suhbat buda, baroi omuzishi khususiyathoi shakhs
va dinamikai inkishofi psikhiki peshbini gardidaast.

Metodi dugonikho. In metod soli 1875 az jonibi
olimi anglis Frensis Galton (1822 – 1911) baroi oshkor
namudani naqshi genotip va muhit dar inkishofi shakhs,
kor karda baromada shudaast. Maqsadi asosii in metod
dar asosi tahlili muqoisavii dugonikhoi yaktukhma va
judotukhma naqshi omili biogenetiki va sotsiogenetikiro
dar determinatsiyai zuhuroti omukhtashavandai psikhiki
muayyan kardan ast. Ayni zamon varianthoi gunoguni in
metod kor karda baromada shudaand, az jumla metodi
azhamjudosozii dugonikhoi yaktukhma, «dugoniki nazorat-
shavanda», «jufti dugonikho» va gayra.

Metodi loihavi. Mo yake az shaklhoi metodhoi
loihaviro dar namudi testhoi loihavi dida baromadem,
ammo in namudi metodi tadqiqoti psikhologi dar doirai
suporishhoi testi mahdud nashuda, fahmishi vasetarro
dorad va az rui mavqei khud dar bayni testho va tahlili
mahsuli faoliyat qaror giriftaast. Metodi mazkur khu-
susan dar tashkhisi holathoi amiqi ruhii kudakon va
hodisahoi dar sathi beshuuri jarayongiranda faol ast.

1.3. Asoshoi tabiiyu ilmii psikhika