Tajribai rushdi faoliyati innovatsioni dar kishvarhoi Ittihodi davlathoi mustaqil (IDM)

Oyandai innovatsiyai mushakhkhas na tanho az davrahoi on, inchunin az dar kadom shakl qaror doshtanash niz (yane goyai ilmi, nou-khau, naqshai ibtidoi yo jorishuda) vobasta ast. Baroi kishvarhoi Ittihodi davlathoi mustaqil aksar vaqt surati kutohi davri innovatsioni va aloqai susti bayni davrahoi on khos ast. Az rui baze bahoho, tanho binobar moneahoi idori, muhlati tasisi nizomhoi navi tekhnologi 3-5 marotiba tul mekashad.

Masalan, dar sanoati kimyovii Rossiya dar hajmi umumii istehsolot hissai mavodu molhoi peshqadam nisbat ba kishvarhoi taraqqikarda 2-3 marotiba kamtar meboshad. Vazni qiyosii hamai mahsulote, ki bo tekhnologiyai kuhna istehsol meshavand, 60%-ro tashkil medihad.

Ivazshavii ravandi tekhnologi pas az har 20-30 sol ba vujud meoyad, hol on ki dar tajribai jahoni on dar har 7-8 sol ruy medihad. Dar sanoati moshinsozi tanho qarib 20%-i tajhizot dar sathi dastovardhoi jahoni qaror doradu khalos, 26%-i on boyad ivaz karda shavad. In malumotho bori digar zaruriyati tezonidani faolnokii innovatsioniro dar hamai sohahoi hayot sobit mesozad va mo niz boyad ba innovatsiya ru ovarem.

Minbad tibqi natijahoi tadqiqot sababhoero, ki az ruyi on tijorati khurdu miyona baroi ijroi barnomahoi azimi baynalmilali ba misli EVRIKA jalb shudaand, misol meorem:

• kam gardidani tavakkalsozii moliyavi (80%-i shakhsone, ki dar pursish ishtirok kardaand);
• paydo kardani shariki muvofiqi tekhnologi (70%);
• tamini bozori zarurii furush (30%);
• baromad ba bozorhoi nav (31%).

Dar ayni zamon, ba tavri barobar pastravii istehsolot va bequrbshavii pul bozdoshta shuda, dar iqtisodiyot ba vujud omadani baze mutadiliho va jonnok gardidani faolnokgardii innovatsioni, khususan dar sohai mahsuloti gizoi, moshin va tajhizot, inchunin dar sohai sanoati kimiyovi va istehsoloti masnuoti nassoji va libosvori mushohida meshavand. Muvofiqi malumoti omori, miqdori muassisahoi sanoatii az beruni Rossiya ba tekhnologiyai nav sohibshuda dar soli 1997 dar sohai istehsoli mahsuloti ozuqa – 46 korkhona, istehsoli moshinu tajhizot – 29, dar sohai sanoati kimiyovi -18,  dar sohai istehsoli masnuoti nassoji va libosvori – 10 korkhonaro tashkil medihand. Miqdori korkhonahoe, ki tekhnologiyai khudro ba berun az Rossiya barovardaand, mutaasifona, chandon ziyod nest. Masalan, dar sohai istehsoli moshin va tadjhizot-hamagi 3 korkhonaro tashkil medihand.

Vazni qiyosii korkhonahoe, ki dar jarayoni tekhnologi ishtirok menamoyand, az miqdori umumii korkhonahoi tekhnologiyai nav daryoftnamuda, dar sohai istehsoli mahsuloti ozuqavori 54,8%, istehsoloti korkardi chubu takhta va kogazu selyuloz – 50%, dar sanoati madani kuhi –     47,6%, dar istehsoloti mahsuloti nassoji va

libosvori – 38,8%, dar korkhonahoi ba sohai metallurgi tekhnologiyai navro voguzornamuda – 4,9% dar istehsoloti nassoji va libosvori – 4,5%; dar sanoati istikhroji madani kuhi – 4,4% dar istehsoloti korkardi metall – 4,2%-ro tashkil medihand. Hamai in bayongari on ast, ki dar in samtho jonnokshavii innovatsioni ba vujud meoyad.

Asosan, qismi ziyodi sohahoi dar bolo nombarshuda bo korkardi purrai ashyoi khom va kandanihoi foidanok mashgul nabudand. Bo in kor shirkatkhoi khoriji mashgul budand, vale raqamho guvohi onand, ki Rossiya hamchun kishvari doroi ashyoi khom boqi nakhohad mond.2

Bo daryofti istiqloliyati siyosi va iqtisodi, kishvarhoi IDM bo mushkilihoi nihoyat murakkab, yane intiqolyobii (transformatsiyai) ilmhoi mohiyati mintaqavidoshta ba ilmi ba halli vazifahoi dar nazdi davlatistoda qodir, hamchun majmui khojagidorii mustaqil qarordoshta, duchor gardidaand. Pas, az barhamkhurii Ittihodi SHuravi hej yak kompleksi ilmi-tekhnikii millii kishvarhoi IDM-ro ba istisnoi rossiyagi va ukraini nametavon ba radifi komplekshoi mustaqil, ki doroi iqtidori zarurii zehnii darbargirandai sathu vusati tadqikothoi ilmi boshad, dokhil namud. Az ruyi baze malumotho, hatto dar Rossiya sathi khudtaminkunii iqtisod bo ikhtirooti ilmi pas az barhamkhurii Ittihod to 44% va imkoniyathoi kishvar dar tahiya va jori namudani tekhnika va tekhnologiyai nav – 50- 60% kohish yoftaast. Tabiist, ki dar digar kishvarhoi IDM in holat boz ham vaznintar ast.

Malum ast, ki ba tahlili rushdi ilmi-tekhnikii chunin kishvarho, ba monandi Belorussiya, Qazoqiston va Ukraina tavajjuh zohir gardad. Zero, mahz hamin kishvarho dar miyoni kishvarhoi IDM doroi iqtidorhoi nisbatan azimi ilmi-tekhniki meboshand. Tahlili holat va oyandai rushdi ilm dar in kishvarho baroi kishvarhoi digar bahri barqaror va rushdi aloqahoi ilmi-tekhniki dar asosi munosibathoi navi iqtisodi, inchunin bahri muhayyo sokhtani imkoniyati tashkili fazoi yagonai tekhnologi zarur ast.

Dar Jumhurii Belorussiya bo vujudi anjom dodani yak qator chorabinihoi azim oid ba tashakkuli ilmi, dar nimai duyumi solhoi 90-um, mujtamai ilmi-tekhnikii milli ba omilhoi jiddii kharobkunanda duchor gardid. Sababgori asosii chunin ravandho kam gardidani hajmi mablagguzorii ilmi- milli, buhroni tulonii iqtisodi gardidand.

Dar davrai solhoi 1991-1998 Jumhurii Belorussiya ishtirokchii barnomahoi ziyodi baynalkhalqi va ittihodiyaho gardid, ki on ba rui kishvar imkoniyathoi vasero bahri barqarorsozii hamkori dar bunyodi tekhnologiyai peshqadam, qabl az hama, ba sharikoni avrupoi boz namud va in ba daryofti zakhirahoi ilovagii moliyavi bahri dastgirii sohai ilmi-tekhniki musoidat namud. Masalan, olimoni bellorusi dar 159 adad loihaho barnomahoi baynalmilalii INTAS ishtirok namudand, ki hajmi mablagguzorii onho qarib 5 mln. evroro tashkil dod.

Bo daryofti istiqloliyati siyosiyu iqtisodi Jumhurii Qazoqiston bo mushkilii nihoyat murakkab-intiqoldihii ilmi sobiqi mintaqavi, ki qodir ba halli vazifahoi dar peshi kishvar qarordoshta boshad, duchor gardid. Dar solhoi okhir masalahoi muhimi rushdi ilmi- tekhnikii kishvar mavridi barrasii tezu tund qaror girift.

Bo nazardoshti ahamiyati in masalaho az tarafi Hukumati Jumhurii Qazoqiston dar miyonahoi soli 1999 Konsepsiyai faoliyati innovatsionii Qazoqiston tartib doda shud, ki on marhila ba marhila rasidan ba maqsadhoi dar pesh guzoshtashudaro peshbini menamoyad. Dar marhilai avval tashkili istehsoloti nachandon kaloni ba sodirot nigaronidashuda, ba naqsha girifta meshavad, ki dar zaminai chunin yak ikhtirooti ilmi-tadqiqoti yo ozmoishiyu konstruktorii bahri jori namudani naqshahoi peshbinigardida, bunyod megardad. Loihahoi alohidai oyandadori barnomai miyonamuhlat metavonand, barnomai darozmuhlatro tashkil dihand. Obekthoi innovatsioniho dar in marhila, yane istehsolot va sohahoi buzurg ba tashakkuli bozori khudii furush va muayyan namudani siyosatashon dar bozori istemoli qodirand. Takhmin meravad, ki barnomahoi kutohmuhlat, miyonamuhlat va darozmuhlati rushd, ba tavri barobari jori gashta va yakdigarro purra khohand kard.

Boyad etirof namud, ki rushdi innovatsioni, amalan tashkil namudani sohai navi iqtisodiyot, ki baroi sodiroti mahsulot nigaronida shudaast, asosan az hisobi imkoniyathoi millii khud imkonpazir ast. Hamin tavr, az tarafi olimoni Donishgohi davlatii Qazoqiston oid ba ittilooti ilmi-tekhniki bonki malumothoi «tekhnologiyahoi nav» tashkil karda shudaast. Dar on malumot oid ba 800 ikhtirooti navi instituthoi qazoqistoni, laboratoriyaho va olimoni alohida jam ovarda shudaast. 15%-i onho az sanjishhoi ozmoishiyu istehsoli guzashta, bo potentho hifz karda shuda, amalan baroi istifoda omodaand.

Ba tavri vase jonnokshavii faoliyathoi innovatsionii korkhonahoi qazoqistoni, tashkili infrasokhtori makhsusro taqozo menamoyad, ki shabakai vasei shirkathoi khurdi innovatsioni, fondhoi mubtakiri, shirkathoi konsaltingi, markazhoi innovatsioniyu tekhnologi, parkhoi tekhniki boyad qisme az onho gardand.

Uzbekiston doroi zaminai boyi ashyoi khom va moddi-tekhniki baroi inkishofi sanoati sabuk (pakhta, pilla, qaraqul, pashm, nakhi suni va gayra) meboshad. Baroi faoliyati samaranoki sanoati sabuk dar jumhuri hamai zersohahoi hamdigarro takmildihanda (25 zersoha) muttamarkazonida shudaand. Dar nizomi sanoati sabuki Uzbekiston 250 korkhonai sanoati amal mekunad.

Bo nazardoshti maqsad, vazifaho va samtho, prinsiphoi faoliyati innovatsioni, tarzhoi tashkili on, daryofti ittilooti dakhldor muayyan karda meshavand. Az jumla, onro metavon bo rohi tahqiqi az tariqi intikhob guzaronidashuda (ba vositai savolnomaho), tashkili khazinai malumotho, sabti faoliyati innnovatsioniho va ikhtiroote, ki baroi har yak muassisai innnovatsioniyu sarmoyaguzori nigaronida shudaast, paydo namud. In imkon medihad, ki ravandi innnovatsioni 35

dar sharoiti rushdi munosibathoi bozorgoni mavridi tahlil va oyandabini qaror bigirad. Az tarafi olimoni Uzbekiston bo dastgirii khazinai «Evrosiyo» az hisobi mablaghoi peshnihodnamudai Ojonsii rushdi baynalkhalqii IMA (i$AGO) az rui savolnomaho guzaronidani pursishro dar 1500 muassisai jumhuri, ki bo tavlid va azkhudkunii tekhnika va tekhnologiyai nav mashgul budand, anjom dodaand. 653 savolnoma ba nizom darovardashuda, peshnihodi 357 tashkilot, az jumla – 68 tashkiloti davlati va 289 – gayridavlati (korkhonahoi mushtarak, jamiyathoi sahhomi, shirkathoi khususi) tahlil karda shudaand. Tahlili 570 peshnihodhoi innovatsioni va 415 – sarmoyaguzori nishon dorand, ki muassisahoi ilmi va shirkatho, ki ba innnovatsioni mashguland, dar aksar mavrid ikhtirootro dar

sohai asbobsozi va mavodshinosi – 157, khimiya – 126, fizika – 83, biologiya – 79 va tib – 56 ikhtirootro peshnihod menamoyand. Dar miyonai taklifhoi innnovatsioni qarib 160 ravandhoi tekhnologi va khatho, az jumla 23 – minitekhnologi (tekhnologiyai khurd) mavjudand.

Bo maqsadi oshkor sokhtani mutobiqati tamoyulhoi rushdi ravandhoi innnovatsioni ba samthoi rushdi iqtisodiyu ijtimoii jumhuri tahlili taklifhoi innnovatsioni dar vobastagi ba sohahoi mujtamai kompleksi khojagidori surat giriftaast. Qismi ziyodi taklifhoi innnovatsioni ba khojagii qishloq – 85 taklif, energetika, elektronika va tandurusti – 74 taklif, moshinsozi – 73 taklif, ekologiya – 55 taklif va sanoati khurokvori – 52 taklif rost meoyad.

Az Ittihodi SHuravi kompleksi azimi ilmi-tekhnikiro, ki az ruyi miqyos bo kompleksi ilmii baze az kishvarhoi rushdyoftai sanoatii avrupoi hamradif meboshand. Merosi giriftai, Ukraina natavonistaast az in zakhirai strategi istifoda namoyad. Ukraina hanuz ham khudro kishvari rushdyoftai ilmii dar halli mushkilihoi tekhnologi ziyonovar mehisobad va dar rohi rushdi mustaqil qaror girifta, sohibi nishonahoi balandi iqtidorhoi ilmi-tekhniki (30%-i kompleksi sanoatiyu harbii Ittihodi SHuravi va qarib 20%-i 36

markazhoi ilmi) gardid, ki bo sharofati onho vay doroi tekhnologiyai ba raqobat tobovar dar sohahoi raketasozi, sohai aerokayhoni, kishtisozi, biotekhnologiya, istehsoli mavodhoi nav va digar sohaho gardid.

Az tarafi digar, korshinoson beshtar az 600 masalahoi ilmi, ki dar in kishvar dar radifi masalahoi faoliyati sozanda guzoshtan mumkin ast, mavridi tahlil qaror dorand. Malum gardid, ki dar 60 masala Ukraina dar jahon peshsaf ast. Az ruy beshtar az 200 masalai azimi ilmi Ukraina metavonad dar radifi kishvarhoi khoriji ba natijai dilkhoh noil gardad. Qarib 30%-i afzaliyathoi barrasishavanda, doroi samti bevositai tekhnologi meboshand. Tahiyai onho metavonad bunyodi tekhnologiyai aslan navi dar bozori jahoni raqobatkunandaro tamin namoyad.

Dar ayni zamon, khususiyati khosi faoliyati korkhonahoi ukraini – jorisozi, afzaliyati «mahsuloti» khoriji yo innovatsiyahoi tekhnologi nisbati vatani ba hisob meravad. CHunin tajriba, beshubha, metavonad oqibathoi manfi doshta boshad. Avval in ki boisi ikhtisori sokhtori ilmii korporativiyu istehsoli,

korporativii korhoi tadqiqoti- ilmi va tajribaviyu konstruktori megardad. Duyum, in ki innovatsiyahoe, ki ba Ukraina az khorija vorid megardand, doroi davri kutohi mavjudiyatashon ba raqobatnokiashon na tanho dar bozori khoriji, balki dar bozori dokhilii Ukraina niz musoidat namekunand. Az rui mohiyat, jarayoni voridshavii benazoratii tekhnologiyai khoriji rushdi mujtamai millii innnovatsioni va ilmhoi amaliro bozdoshta, az ikhtirooti khoriji khatari vobastagii tekhnologii sanoati milli ba vujud meoyad.

Dar ayni zamon, mohiyati strategiyai innovatsioni boisi tahiya va tatbiqi barnomaho bahri tashakkul dodani peshsafoni milli- innovatsioni va tekhnologi dar zaminai korkhonahoi azim, kholdingho, istehsoloti balandi tekhnologi megardand, ki ba rushdi boloravii sanoatiyu iqtisodi musoidat mekunad. Baroi in dar sathi davlati

mablagguzorii afzaliyatnoki onho, kumakho va menejmenti zamonavi, qarzhoi imtiyoznok baroi sohibkoroni innovatsioni va ikhtirooti oyandador, jori namudani nizomi pardokhthoi batagyir guzoshtashavanda, imtiyozhoi andozi va gayra boyad tamin karda shavand.

Tashkili mintaqai ozodi ba vujud omadaistodai navovarihoi ilmi-tekhnikiro metavon bo mavjudiyati omilhoi zerin ifoda namud:

• bo samti daqiqi faolsozii sohai navigarihoi ilmi-tekhniki, ki baroi rasonidani molikiyati zehni to ba sathi baroi furushi on ba sifati mol dar bozori dokhiliyu khoriji dar namudi mahsuloti tayyor va dar shakli litsenziya nigaronida shudaast, ki ba tashkili mintaqai faoliyati sozanda az tashkilothoi rezidentii dar shahr joygirshuda va ba mintaqai doroi khususiyati faoliyati innnovatsioni doshta, imkon medihad;
• bo sokhtori tashkilii mintaqai faoliyati sozanda, ba anjomrasonii nizomhoi omodasozii bozargoni oid ba ravandhoi innnovatsioni dar shahr, dar zaminai manfiathoi tijoratii ishtirokchiyoni on, bo sharthoi jolibi, iqtisodi, huquqi, ijtimoi baroi sarmoyaguzoron, khususan, sarmoyaguzoroni khoriji imkon medihad;
• dar nizomi mintaqai faolisozanda istifodai iqtidorhoi na chandon ba qadri kofi amalkunandai istehsolii shahr va infrasokhtori ijtimoi, ki mablagguzorihoi chandon ziyodi ibtidoiro talab namekunad;

• dar asosi tahiya va jori namudani nizomi tadbirhoi iqtisodi, huquqi va ijtimoi, tarhi (konstruksiyavi) mintaqai faolsozanda, imkoniyati istifodai manbai navi voridshavii vositahoi asoriro ba buja faroham meovarad;
• dar chunin sharoiti mintaqai faolsozanda masalahoi ijtimoii mintaqai oid ba bolo burdani shugl, muzdi mehnati olimon, mutakhassison, pesh az hama, dar bakhshi bujetii ilm, bo sharofati innnovatsioni ba tavri samaranok metavonand hal gardand.

Hadaf az chunin mintaqa – azkhudkunii dastovardhoi ilmi-tekhniki va dar asosi onho tashkil namudani istehsoli mahsulotu tekhnologiyai nav, inchunin raqobatpaziri dar bozori jahoni bo rohi jalbi sarmoyaguzorihoi vatani va khoriji.

Odatan omodagi bahri tashkili mintaqa dar se samt amali megardad:

1. Halli masalahoi huquqi;
2. Tahlili usulhoi asosnoki tekhnikiyu iqtisodii mintaqa; naqshahoi tijorati az rui loihahoi alohidai innovatsioni;
3. Tashkili shirkathoi innovatsionihoi mahalli, namoyandai minbadai mintaqa.

Ba gayr az in, dastgirii tashkili sokhtor, bahri guzaronidani ozmoishhoi mustaqili ikhtirootii ba itmomrasida va tashkili faoliyati innnovatsioni az ruy farmoishoti beruna; kafolathoi qarzii sarmoyaguzoroni khoriji az tarafi sokhtorhoi dakhldori davlati, ki tashakkuli khazinai malumot az rui malumothoi tanho sarmoyaguzaroni khoriji, olimon va korkhonaho hangomi guzaronidani tadqiqot va tatbiqi loihaho zarur ast.

Baroi bunyodi nizomi dakhldori tatbiqi siyosati davlatii ilmi- tekhniki va innovatsioni dar kishvarhoi IDM boyad majmui tadbirhoi doroi mohiyati takmildihi huquqi va iqtisodiyu ijtimoi doshta tahiya gardand.

Bo maqsadi vusati robitahoi ilmi-tekhniki dar bayni kishvarhoi IDM boyad khazinai musoidi meyoriyu huquqiro dar har yak davlat va zaminai shartnomavii baynidavlatiro bunyod namuda, barnomayu loihahoi mushtarakro tartib dihand. Inchunin mekhanizmi mablagguzorihoi onhoro muayyan namuda, markazonidani sayu kushishi mushtarak bahri hamkori dar sohai moshinsozi va tekhnologiyahoi baland, bahri hifzi bozorhoi dokhilii khudiro sozmon dodan zarur ast.