Tajribai tanzimi davlatii bozori innovatsiyaho

Aksar mamlakathoi mutaraqqii sanoati imruz umedi khudro ba rushdi ustuvori darozmuhlati iqtisodi bo guzarish ba rohi innovatsionai taraqqiyot mebandand, ki on dar sanoat va sohahoi digari khojagii khalq bagoyat vase istifoda burdani dastovardhoi navtarini ilm va tekhnika, tekhnologiyahoi ittilooti, biotekhnologiya, mavodhoi nav, tekhnologiyahoi zakhira va tabiatsarfkunanda tavsif karda meshavad. Binobar indarknamoii innovatsionii korkhona, iqtisodiyot bo purragi- yake az vazifahoi asosii davlati az jihati sanoati taraqqiyoftai muosir meboshad.

Har kadom mamlakat in vazifaro tibqi tarzu usuli khudash bo nazardoshti sharoithoi mushakhkhasi siyosi va ijtimoi, ananahoi mavjudbuda, khususiyat va talaboti iqtisodi milli, imkoniyathoi istehsolii mavjuda, zakhirahoi insoni, moddi, moliyavi va tabii dar ikhtiyorash buda, nerui innovatsioni gunshuda hallu fasl menamoyad. YAkjoya bo in yak qator qonuniyathoi baso umumimavjudand, ki dar in va yo on shakl dar davlati dilkhohi sanoati mushohida meshavand.

Vazifai muhimi menejmenti innovatsioni dar sathi makroiqtisod intikhob va istifodai vositahoi dar sharoiti mushakhkhasi iqtisodi beshtar samaranoki idorakunii ravandi innovatsioni ba onho voguzoshtani zakhirahoi dar ikhtiyori jomea buda meboshad.

Bo alfozi digar, fishanghoi idorakunii iqtisodiro, ki imkoni bo kharojoti kamtarini zakhirahoi jamiyati-mehnati, sarmoya va vaqt ba sathi muayyani rushdi innovatsioni baromadanro medihand, boyad muayyan namud.

Zaruriyati dastgirii davlatii faoliyati innovatsioni, ki az yak taraf, bar naqshi muhimi peshrafti tekhnologi dar tamini rushdi iqtisodi, az digar taraf, bar on ki bakhshi khususi na hamesha tayyor ast, ki ravandi innovatsioniro baroi nigoh doshtani raqobatpaziri dar hajmi purra ba mablag tamin namoyad, asos meyobad. Holati okhirinro bo sababhoi iqtisodii sershumor metavon manidod kard. YAke az onho bo nomalumii ziyod va tavakkali kalon hangomi burdani tadqiqot va makhsusan khususiyati bunyodi va justujui doshta vobasta ast.

Dar yak qator sohaho, ki ba onho taqlidkorii nisbatan soddatari navigarihoi ilmi-tekhniki khos ast, shirkati khususii ravandi innovatsioniro bo mablag taminkunanda dar nazdi raqibon bartarii darozmuddatro ba dast nameovarad. Natijahoi tadqiqot va korkardhoi tajribaviyu tekhnologii ijroshuda ba doroi umumii sanoat tabdil meyoband, ki dar natijai on kharojoti ibtidoi baroi ba dast ovardani onho jubron karda nameshavad.

Boz yak holati muhim-miqyos va muhlati kaloni ijroi baze loihahoi tadqiqoti okhirinro berun az haddi imkoniyathoi moliyavii yak shirkati sanoati meguzorad, hatto agar vay har sol baroi guzaronidani korhoi ilmi-tadqiqoti va tajribayu tekhnologi mablaghoi ziyod judo namoyad, ham.

Ba gayr az in, nabudani bozori tashakkulyofta mavjudiyati istemolkunandai nerumandi (potensialii) yakkavu yagona, masalan, davlat, bazan ba sifati omili zavqi biznesro ba dastovardhoi ilmu tekhnika bozdoranda baromad mekunad.

Baroi az tarafi davlat dastgiri namudani faoliyati innovatsioni dar aksar mamlakathoi taraqqikardai sanoati odatan majmui baso umumigashtai vasoiti iqtisodi mavridi istifoda qaror megirad. Dar on mamlakatho grantho va subsidiyahoi nishonador beshtar pahn gardidand, ki metavonad to 50% arzishi loihahoi mushakhkhasro tamin namoyand. Dar baze mamlakatho grantho bo sharti pardokht namudani kharojoti davlat onho dar holati noil gardidan ba muvaffaqiyati tijorati, doda meshavand. Dar holati nobarorii bo sababhoi obektivi rukh dodan, mablaghoi az davlat girifta shuda metavonand bargardonida nashavand. Aksar vaqt dar faoliyati innovatsionii korkhonaho inchunin, andozho va qarzhoi gunogun vase istifoda burda meshavand. Sahmguzorihoi mustaqim, kafolathoi davlati va mablagtaminkuni tavassuti ishtiroki davlat dar sarmoyai shirkathoi sahhomi boshad nisbatan kamtar istifoda burda meshavand.

Dar tuli solhoi okhir ahamiyati tadbirhoi gayrimustaqimi az tarafi davlat havasmandgardonii innovatsioni dar sohahoi alohidai sanoat az hisobi majmui vasei sabukihoi dodashudai andozbandi, dastgirii maqsadnoki biznesi khurd va miyonai innovatsioni, tashakkuli zersokhtori zarurii innovatsioni va instituthoi dakhldori suporidani tekhnologiya az bakhshi davlati ba sanoat va gayra baland gardid. Ba in tadbirho takya namuda, aksar mamlakathoi sanoati (az jumla mamlakathoi Ittihodi Avrupo) maqsadi strategi to 30 % baland bardoshtani hissai kharojoti milliro baroi guzaronidani korhoi ilmi-tadqiqoti, tajribaviyu konstruktori va majmui mahsuloti dokhila peshnihod namudand.

Ayon ast, ki dar sohahoi mukhtalifi sanoat sababhoi gunogun baroi mudokhila yo baraks, mudokhila nakardani davlat bolo girad, az in sababho hajmi umumi va mekhanizmhoi kumaki davlati vobastaand.

Dar dahsolai okhir siyosati mamlakathoi muttaraqqii sanoati nisbat ba korhoi ilmi-tadqiqoti va tajribaviyu konstruktori khususiyati beshtar intikhobiro medoshtagi shud. Tamoili tamazkuri dastgirii davlati dar samthoi muayyan, az jumla, ba halli masalahoi muhimi zerin aloqamand budand:

1. dastgiri namudani bakhshi khususi dar az khud namudani tekhnologiyahoi peshqadami baroi baland bardoshtanir raqobatpaziri dar bozori jahoni ahamiyati muhimdoshta;
2. purquvvat namudani iqtidori ilmi-tekhnikii khurd va miyona;
3. takmili zersokhtori korhoi ilmi-tadqiqoti va tajribaviyu konstruktori.

Bo hamin roh davlat ozmudanist, ki ba bakhshi khususi, ba on joe, ki tibqi qonunhoi bozor bebarorihoi bagoyat kalonro metavon chashmdor shud, kitfi khudro baroi takya guzorad. Sukhan pesh az hama, dar borai havasmandgardonii tadqiqoti ilmiva amalii   tavakkali khavfnokiashon baland (az sababi sathi balandi nomuayyanii natijai nihoi), baland bardoshtani imkoniyathoi innovatsionii biznesi khurd va miyona, tashkili aksulamali subekthoi mukhtalifi munosibathoi khojagidori dar marhilahoi toraqobatii ba dastorii donishhoi navi ilmi va tekhnologi, meravad.

Takmili siyosati davlat bo maqsadi bozsozii sokhtori va mavjudiyati mahdudiyati qavii bujavi dar bist mamlakati muttaraqqii sanoati pahnshavii chunin nuqtai nazar ovarda rasond, ki tibqi on davlat naboyad kushishhoi khud va zakhirahoi dar ikhtiyorash budaro dar bayni samthoi taraqqikardaistoda mayda-mayda taqsim namoyad. Onhoro ba sohahoi strategii baroi oyandai tamomi iqtisodi milli bagoyat muhimi sanoat boyad ravona kard.

Mafhumi az tarafi umum qabulshudai «sohahoi strategi»-i sanoat hanuz paydo nashudaast. Dar adabiyoti ilmi baroi tavsifi onho mahakhoi mukhtalif, ammo yakdigarro ivaznamoyanda mavridi istifoda qaror giriftaast. Ba gayr az in, har kadom davlat manfiathoi khosai iqtisodiro dorost va inchunin osori khudashro meguzorad.

Ba sifati misol, se tarifro meorem, ki dar yake az tadqiqothoi muayyansozi tashkiloti hamkorihoi iqtisodi va rushd doda shudaand.

4. Hamon sohahoi sanoati strategi ba hisob meravand, ki ba tufayli bunyod kardani imkoniyathoi navi tekhnologi ba rushdi bisyor sohahoi digar, shirkathoi sanoati va istemolkunandogoni nihoii mahsulot tasiri purquvvati musbi merasonad.
5. Hamon sohahoi strategi hisob meyoband, ki mahsulotashon baroi taraqqiyot va rushdu ravnaqi iqtisodiyot zarur ast.
6. Hamon sohahoi sanoat strategi hisob meyoband, ki baroi tamini sokhtorii milli ahamiyati muhim dorand.

Dark kardan dushvor nest, ki tarifhoi yakum va duvvum amalan ba ham monandand. Nisbat ba tarifi seyum boshad, boyad qayd namud, ki aksar sohahoi sanoati mansub ba in tarif mahsuloti tainoti dugonadoshtaro mebarorand, dar sohahoi iqtisodiyot metavonad vase pahn shavad. Ammo tarifhoi mavjuda har qadare, ki bayni khud farq kunand ham, chizi asosi on ast, ki dar zaminai onho sohahoi az nuqtai nazari davlat, afzaliyatnoki sanoat judo megardad, ki ba onho diqqati beshtar ravona karda meshavad.

Dastgirii «sohahoi strategi»-i sanoat amalan az tarafi hamai mamlakathoi az jihati sanoati taraqqikarda ba jo ovarda meshavad, garchande, ki dar amal shaklhoi gunoguntarinro ba khud girad ham, aksariyati davlatho dar in mavrid tanho bo subsidiyahoi moliyavi mahdud namegirand. Onho majmui holathoi mukhtalifi ba bakhshi khususi tasirrasoniro, ki ba ravandi sarmoyaguzori, sohai savdo, sharoiti raqobati bozori va jarayoni azkhudkunii tekhnologiyai nav dakhl menamoyand, mavridi istifoda qaror medihand.

Dar mamlakathoi Avrupoi Garbi dastgirii «sohahoi strategii» sanoat ham dar sathi davlati va ham dar sathi baynidavlati ba jo ovarda meshavad. Misolhoi khosa dar holati yakum, ba taraqqiyoti naqliyoti bo istifodai sarchashmahoi navi suzishvori, baland bardoshtani surati rohi ohan va rushdi elektronika dar Faronsa, sanoati kayhoni dar Britaniyai Kabir, Olmon va Itoliyo, havopaymosozi dar Niderlandiya aloqamand meboshand.

Har sathi baynalmillali mamlakathoi Avrupoi Garbi kushishhoi khudro baroi baland bardoshtani sathi ilmi-tekhniki va tekhnologii shirkathoi milli dar ru ba rui tezutundshavii raqobat az tarafi shirkathoi IMA, jahon va mamlakathoi navi sanoati muttahid mesozand. Bo in maqsad chunin barnomahoi kalonmiqyosi ittihodiyahoi (korporatsiyahoi) istehsoli va ilmi-tekhniki, ba monandi «Aerobus», «Evrika», «Freymuork» tahiya karda shudand.

Hatto hukumati IMA, hangomi mamuriyati R.Reygan, ki ba tavri shifohi dastgiri namudani sohahoi muayyani sanoatro rad karda, hamatarafa himoya namudani raqobati ozodro tarafdori karda bud, unsurhoi siyosati nishonii sanoatiro dar amal mavridi istifoda qaror doda bud. Noziron tahmin mekunand, ki mahz hamin maqsadro, az jumla, ishtiroki faoli davlat dar bunyodi konsorsiumi shirkathoi buzurgi «Sematek» dar sahli mikroelektronika, dar khud dosht.

Bo hamin tariqa hissai buzurg dar rushdi biotekhnologiya dar IMA az hisobi mablag taminkunii kalonmiqyosikorhoi ilmi-tadqiqoti va tajribaviyu konstruktori az tarafi instituthoi Millii tandurusti va Fondi millii ilmi tamin karda shuda bud. Ba yod naovardani on mumkin nest, ki bisyor sohahoi sanoati holat IMA (masalan, aerokayhoni) mohiyatan dar zaminai kharidhoi kalonmiqyosi vazorati difo qomat rost kardand. Siyosati mazkur inchunin dar tuli hukmronii hamai prezidenti minbadai IMA idoma yoft.

Ayon ast, kiaz tarafi davlat dastgiri kardani afzaliyatnoki ilmi- tekhniki bisyor sohahoi sanoat niz, niyoz dorand. Qaziya dar on ast, ki bo nazardoshti zanjirai muqararshudai rushdi ijtimoi-iqtisodi, muhimtarini onhoro durust muayyan namud.

Hatogii dilkhoh dar muayyan namudani sohahoi strategi ba davlat bagoyatgaron meaftad. Dar ayni hol, boyad fahmo boshad, ki taqsimoti zakhirahoi mahdudi bujavi tibqi prinsipi «ba har khohar yak gushvoragi» samarai zaruri iqtisodi ba dast nameovarad.

Vobasta ba in, imruz qaziya dar davrai hozira muayyan namudani afzaliyatho va tekhnologiyahoi nozuk,ki ba onho kushishhoi davlat boyad tazakkur doda shavad, ba maddi avval mebaroyad.