Toj.su
Odam bo nishonahoi muayyani qobiliyatu is
tedodhoi irsi ba dunyo
meoyad. Aglabi onho bi-
syormanoyand: dar asosi onho sifathoi mukhtalifi shakhs
tashakkul yofta metavonand. Baroi amali gardidani on
ravandi tarbiya naqshi halkunanda mebozad.
Voqean imkoniyathoi tarbiya bo khususiyathoi irsii
fard niz aloqamand meboshand. Asosi irsii organizmi
odam khususiyathoi anatomi- fiziologi, sifathoi asosii
sistemai asab va jarayoni protsesshoi asabii uro muayyan
menamoyad.Tabiatu imkoniyathoi inkishofi oyandai psi-
khikai odam dar sokhti biologii u nihoda shudaand.
Genotipi fard (majmui genhoi hamin fard) naqshai
inkishofi fardii uro muayyan mekunad. Marhilahoi gu-
noguni inkishofro genhoi mukhtalif nazorat mekunand,
ammo faolgardonii onho na khud ba khud, balki tahti
tasiroti olami beruni surat megirad.
Ravandi inkishofi psikhiki vobastai na faqat mab-
dai ijtimoi, balki marbut ba mabdai irsi niz meboshad.
Va in muayyankunandahoi asosi bayni ham aloqamandand.
Har qadare funksiyai tashakkuldihanda murakkabtar
boshad, hamon qadar robitai dutarafai mabdahoi tabi-
ivu ijtimoi zichtar meshavad.
Dar har davrai inkishof hassosiyati balandi inti-
khobii odam ba tasiroti muayyani muhit (senzitivi) joy
dorad. Senzitivi – chun sofkunakest, ki baze tasiroti
muhitro az khud guzaronida, digar tasirothoi boqimon-
daro bozmedorad. Vay dar baze odamon mahdud va dar
guruhi digar nisbatan vasetar mushohida meshavad. In
hama tasiroti muhitro ba inkishofi hamin fard va ra-
viyahoi u muayyan menamoyad.
Har yak marhilai inkishof baroi taraqqiyoti min-
bada asos meguzorad. Ammo faqat faolii odam uro
subekti inkishof megardonad. Hususiyathoi psikhikii
odam inchunin tasiroti muhiti ijtimoii ba u ravona
budaro muayyan mekunand. Odam bo digargun sokhtani
muhit bahri amaligardonii barnomai genotipi khesh sha-
roithoi behtarinro faroham meovarad. Dar marhilahoi
avvali taraqqiyot afzalan tarzhoi raftori namudi umu-
midoshta va dar marhilahoi oyanda boshad tarzhoi far-
dii raftor tashakkul meyoband.
Jihathoi tabiii odamro bo mohiyati ijtimoii u
muqobil guzoshtan lozim nest. Mabdai biologiro dar
odam hamchun mavjudiyati kim chi guna sokhti pasttarin
naboyad donist. Naboyad faromush kard, ki nishonavu alo-
mathoi tabiiyu biologii odam nishonahoi odami mebo-
shand, na hayvoni. Odam az lahzai tavallud doroi sokhti
olii biologi ast, ki dar on ba tavri irsiyav inkishofi
hamatarafai u nihoda shudaand. Hudi biologiyai odam ta-
biati ijtimoiro doshta, bo inkishofi jamiyati-tarikhi
muayyan karda meshavad.
Kamolot va tashakkuli psikhikaro boyad az ham farq
kard. Tagyiryobii khud ba khudi dokhilii psikhikai odam ka-
moloti on ast. Inkishofi psikhika tahti tasiroti be-
runi va pesh az hama tasiroti ijtimoi surat megirad.
Majmui hama khususiyathoi fiziologiyu psikhologii
fard, ki inkishofi onho marbuti amali omilhoi umumii
genetikist, konstitutsiyai (az lotinii sotSHi1yu-sokht)
odamro tashkil medihad.
Masalai tasiri mutaqobilai khususiyathoi biolo-
giyu ijtimoi dar tarikhi psikhologiya nazariyahoi mukhta-
lifi inkishofi psikhikaro ba vujud ovard. YAke az onho
nazariyai kamoloti biologi meboshad va on takid meku-
nad, ki vazifahoi psikhikii odam ba tavri irsi muayyan
shudaand va onho az muhiti beruna vobasta nabuda, ba
andozai kamoloti biologii organizm inkishof meyoband.
Zimnan inkishofi fard inkishofi kulli avlodi odamiro
takror mekunad (qonuni biologi).
Nazariyai digar – nazariyai naqshi peshbaranda do-
shtani muhit buda, namoyandagon bar on aqidaand, ki
muhit dar inkishofi psikhikii odam omili halkunanda
ast. Jonibdoroni in nazariya dar inkishofi psikhiki
tagyiroti sifatii sinnusolro ba nazar namegiriftand
va onhoro az jamkunii donishho va mahoratu malakaho
iborat medonistandu khalos.
Dastovardhoi muosiri ilmi az on shahodat
medihand, ki omilhoi muayyani biologi ba sifati sharo-
ithoe metavonand baromad kunand, ki onho tashakkuli in
yo on sifathoi psikhikai odamro yo dushvor, yo sabuk megar-
donand.
CHunone malum ast, hastai (yadro) hujayrai biologii
odam az 23 jufti khromasoma bo taqsimoti yakkhelai khromo-
somahoi % va u iborat ast. Ammo odamone duchor meoyand,
ki doroi hodisahoi gayriodddii khromosoma (bo zudi
1:500) meboshand va dar hastai hujayravii onho na 46,
balki 47 khromosoma mavjud ast. SHakhsoni doroi khromo-
somai ziyodatii % buda, bo noustuvorii emotsionali,
agressiyai baland va shakhsoni khromosomai ziyodatii u
doshta, bo sustirodagi va darajai pasti aqli az digaron
farq mekunand.
Albatta, padidai gayrioddii khromosomaro hamchun
mavjudiyati «genhoi jinoyatkori» dar odamoni judogona
sharh dodan mumkin nest. Nizomi musoidi tarbiya, ki khu-
susiyathoi biologii hamin fardro ba nazar megirad,
jihathoi manfii in hodisahoi gayrioddii khromosomaro
zaif megardonad.
Sohai bo genshinosi hamjavori psikhologiya – genshi-
nosii psikhiki (psikhogenetika) robitai mutaqobilai ge-
notip va sharoithoi muhitro tadqiq mekunad, ki dar khu-
susiyathoi raftori fard zohir megardad. Dar in mavrid,
metodi dugonikho (hanuz onro F.Galton dar soli 1876
peshnihod karda bud) istifoda meshavad, ki tavassuti on
naqshi khosai muhit va irsiyat takid karda meshavad. Ge-
notipi dugonikhoi monozigoti (az yak tukhmhujayra ba
dunyoomada) ba ham monand ast.
Baroi har yak fard sharoithoi ba khud khosi irsi va
muhiti inkishof mavjudand. Muhit sababgori zuhuroti
imkoniyathoi genetiki shuda metavonad.
Asosi guruhbandii fardhoro hamchun namoyandagoni
namudi biologi se meyor tashkil medihad: genetiki,
neyrogumorali va khususiyathoi modarzodii tipi faoli-
yati olii asab (neyrotip).
Az rui khususiyathoi neyrogumorali, vobasta ba khu-
susiyathoi etibordihii sistemai simpatiki-
adreanalini ba tasiroti muhit se tarzi raftorro farq
mekunand: 1) tarzi raftori A (adreanalini); 2) tarzi
raftori NA (noradrenalini); 3) tarzi raftori A+NA
(omekhta).
Namoyandagoni tarzi raftori A bo iztirobu hayajon,
masuliyati baland, khudtanqidkuni farq karda, mushki-
lihoi asabiro vaznin az sar meguzaronand va mubtaloi
amrozi qalband (bayni mardon hissai tarzi raftori A
ziyoda az 30% va bayni zanon 30% – ro tashkil medihad).
Namoyandagoni tarzi raftori NA bo purshiddatii
ziyodi emotsionali farq mekunand. Inho odamoni jiddi,
damduzd, kamsukhan, kanoraju va hukmfarmoyand. Onho dar
rohi ba maqsadrasi faol buda, ba raf namudani mush-
kiliho qodirand, ammo nobarorihoro bo dushvori az sar
meguzaronand, giriftori bemorii asaband (tarzi rafto-
ri NA bayni mardon 17% va bayni zanon 26%-ro tashkil
medihad).
Namoyandagoni tarzi raftori A+NA (omekhta) bo ho-
lati emotsionalii baland, bo zud ivazshavii holati ruhi
va bo noustuvorii hissiyotho az digaron farq mekunand.
Inho odamoni tipi isteroidiyand; onho mohiru mumtoz
buda, dar markazi tavajjuh budanro khush medorand, doroi
hassosii baland buda, bo atrofiyon zud uns megirand va
toqati nokhushihoro nadorand.
Hususiyathoi neytrogumoralii odamon dar sharo-
ithoi favqulodda khelo tezutund zohir meshavand.
Guruhhoi favquzzikr az hamdigar bo nishondihandahoi
biokimiyovi, masuniyati (immunologi) va digar nishon-
dihandahoi jismoni farq mekunand.
Hususiyathoi biologii fard dar ravandi ijtimo-
ishavii u tagyir meyoband.
