VAZI SIESI – ISTISODI VA IDTIMOII NOHIYAHOI DANUBU SHARSI VA MARKAZII TODIKISTON TO ISTILOI AMORATI BUHORO

Vazi iktisodi va ichtimoii mardumi Osiyoi Miyona dar davomi asri XIX, umuman, pesh az hamrohshavii Osiyoi Miyona ba Rossiya khele murakkab bud. Hususan, mushkiloti
iktisodi dar nokhiyahoi durdasti amorati Bukhoro, yane nohiyahoi CHanubu SHarki va Markazii Tochikiston mushokhida meshud. To davrai ba amorat hamroh shudani in nohiyaho va ba Rossiya hamroh shudani Osiyoi Miyona dar in mintaqa yagon davlati muttamarkaz vuchud nadosht. Dar Osiyoi Miyona monandi asrhoi pesh yakchand davlathoi feodali, az qabili khonigarii Bukhoro, khonigarii Hiva va khonigarii Quqand vuchud dosht. Ba ayr az in khonigariho, boz yakchand bekigari vuchud dosht, ki dar bayni onho doimo changhoi bayni hamdigari meraft. «Dar kismi Markazii Tochikison, bekigarihoi Kulob, Hisor, Darvoz va Qarotegin vuchud doshtand, ki goho ba Bukhoro va goho ba Quqand tobe kunonida meshudand. Az rui nishondodi muarrikhon na davlathoi durust, na hokimiyathoi mustakhkam va na khududu sarhad doshtand. Onkho dar har holat tagyir meyoftand. Go khududi onho vase meshud va goho doirai onho makhdud megardid. Dur budani onho az rokhdoi baynalkhalki in nohiyahoro az nestshavi nigoh medosht». (Istoriya
Tadjikskogo naroda.-CH.2. -M, 1964.-S. 127).
«Dar in mintaqa ba monandi digar chamiyathoi feodali hokimiyat ba manfiati ruhoniyon va feodalon khizmat mekard. Zamin boshad ba khudi hokimu feodalon va ruhoniyon taaluk dosht.
Dar in cho to nimai duyumi asri XIX nishonahoi chamiyati feodali va hatto obshinai ibtidoi mushokhida meshud».(Mukhtorov A. Ocherki po istorii Tadjikistana.- T.1).
Dar mintaqae, ki tochikonu uzbekon bo ham mezistand, munosibathoi feodali hukm merond. Ammo dar baze digar mintaqaho boshad, nishonahoi munosibathoi avlodiii patriarkhali, khususan, dar nohiyahoi kukhistoni Kulobu Garm boki monda budand. Qismi ziyodi zaminho dar takhti nazorati ruhoniyoni musulmon, ki onhoro «zaminhoi vakfi» menomidand, budand.
Qismi ziyodi aholii bo zamindori, chorvodori va khunarmandi mashgul bud. Dar davomi asri XIX oloti asosii korkardi zamin omoch va kaland bud. Bo yorii in olothoi soda va qafomonda dekhdonon zaminro kisht mekardand. Dar vakti kishtu kor va digar korhoi khochagidori az aspu barzagov istifoda meburdand. Dar zaminhoi kukhiston va zaminhoi kuvdoman dekhdonon bo dast kor mekardand. Dar khirmanho, bad az on ki gallaro medaravidand, onro ovarda ba vositai barzagovho, ki az pasashon chapar basta shuda bud, mekuftand. Gallaro dar osiyobhoi dasti ord mekardand. Dar zamin asosan dekhdononi choryakkor va mardikor kor mekardand. Az chor se khissai hosilro, baze vakt az in ham ziyodashro ruhoniyon va feodalon sokhib meshudand. Dar in bekigariho zaminhoi obi nisbat ba zaminhoi lalmi khelo kam budand. Hamai zaminhoi obi dar dasti zamindoron va ruhoniyon budand.
Dekhdonone, ki dar zaminhoi ayloki va vakfi kor mekardand, az rui tarzi zindagii khud ba dekhdononi kreposnoi monand budand. Baroi istifoda burdan az zamin bo tarzhoi gunogun az onho andoz sitonida meshud. Dar nokhiyahoi kukhistoni Tochikiston, asosan Hisor, korkardi zamin pakhn gardida bud. Dar nohiyahoi CHanubu SHarki va Markazii Tochikiston andozhoi gunogun vuchud dosht, ki karib shumorai onho ba 50 – to merasid. Andoz az aholii mahali, savdogaron va khunarmandon ruyonida meshud. Aholi andozro asosan az hosil, hayvoni kori, bog va havli medod. Ba ayr az andozho boz yak kator korhoi bepul vuchud doshtand, ki mardum kor karda muzd namegiriftand. Ba in korho asosan sokhtani maschidho, qalaho, rokhdo, kuprukho va obanboryu kandani kanalho dokhil meshud.
Dar nohiyahoi markazii Tochikiston feodalon vuchud doshtand, ki 100 desyatin va az in ham ziyod zamin doshtand. (Lipskiy V.V. Gornaya Bukhara. -4.2.- SP6.-19O2.- S.244). Gayr az zaminu juyho, tabaqai khukmron dar zeri dasti khud ramahoi ziyodi chorvo nigoh medoshtand.
Az sababi kam budani zamin devdonon machbur budand, ki zaminhoro ba tavri «sharikona» kishtu kor namoyand va hama suporishoti sokhibi zaminro be guftugu ichro namoyand. Ba tarzi «shari kona» kor kardan dar zaminho az on sabab bud, ki na khamai dekhdonon sokhibi chufti gov budand. Aksariyati dehqonon oloti kishovarzi ham nadoshtand
Hissai zamini sharikona dar bayni sharikkunandagoni on az rui sahmi moli taqsim karda meshud. Dar naticha uzvi benavotarin on, ki araqi chabin rekhta kor mekard, quti loyamutero sohib megardid.
Dar qatori dehqononi bezamin mardikoron ham budand, ki mavridi istismori sakht qaror girifta budand va muzdi nochize ba dast meovardand. «Dehqonon bisyor andozhoi ilovagi niz mepardokhtand. Monandi «mirobona» (baroi obyorii zamin), «alafpuli» (baroi yunuchqazor), «kushpuli» (baroi kharsari chorvo, az qabili asp, khar, barzagov) va gayra vuchud doshtand».(Gafurov B. Tochikon.- Q.2.- S.214).
Dar mulkhoi kuhistoni Bukhoroi SHarqi aholiro machbur mesokhtand, ki baroi hokimon va amaldoron hezum tayyor namoyand.
Dar borai hayati aholii Bukhoroi SHarqi malumoti aniq nest. Vale az rui nishondodi baze sarchashmaho aholii Bukhoroi SHarqiro asosan tochin tashkil medodand. Ba nohiyahoe, ki asosi aholiyashonro tochikon tashkil medodand, qismati CHanubii Hisor (darahoi SHirkent, Qarotog, Honaqo, Luchob, Varzob), Fayzobod, Dashti, Bedona, nohiyahoi kuhistoni Kulob, Qaratotegin va Darvoz dokhil meshudand. (Galkin. Kratkiy ocherk Bukharskogo khanstva. Voenniy sbornik.- SPb.- 1890.-№11.- S.192).
CHoi duyumro az chihati aholii uzbekon megiriftand, ki az qabilahoi gunogun iborat budand. Onkho asosan dar Hisor, Kulob, Vakhsh va Beshkent zindagi mekardand. Dar Hisor yuzho, markaho, barlosho, turkho, dar YOvonu Kulob qalluk va laqayho, dar Vakhsh va Kofarnihon uzbekhoi qatagan zindagi mekardand.
Gayr az uzbekon va tochin dar Bukhoroi SHarqi boz qirgizho zindagi mekardand. Asosan onho dar Hisor va Qarotegin zindagi mekardand.
Hamin tariq, dar yak qator nohiyahoi Markazi va CHanubi Tojikistoni imruza tojikon bo hamrohii uzbekon mezistand, dar Qarotegin va Hisor boshad bo hamrohii qirgizho.
Az jihati mamuri boshad, Bukhoroi SHarki ba viloyatho taqsim meshud. Viloyatho dar navbati khud ba tumanho, yane amlokdoriho taqsim meshudand. Amlokdoriho boshad, ba miri hazora taqsim meshudand, ki az yakchand dehaho iborat budand. Dar sari amlokdori arbobho meistodand. (Istoriya tadjikskogo naroda.-S.75).
Dar nimai avvali asri XIX az SHakhrisabz to Pomir hokimiyati markazii khonigariho sust aloqamand budand. Har yake az in hokimiyathoi feodali, az jumla Hisor, Kulob va Qaroteginu Darvoz hokimoni khudro doshtand, ki onho hokimiyatashonro mustakilona idora mekardand. In hokimoni feodali to unvoni fakhrii atolikro sokhib meshudandu khalos. Albatta bo rukhsati khonho.
Dar sari hokimiyati feodalii Hisor hokim meistod. Dar Qaroteginu Darvoz boshad shoh. Dar hamai in hokimiyatho daftari moli vuchud dosht, ki onro amaldore bo unvoni devonbegi idora mekard. Boz amali digar az qabili Mirzo – kotibi shakhsii hokim, yo in ki shoh vuchud doshtand. «Dar nazdi shokhi Qarotegin maslihatchiho vuchud khdoshtand, ki shoh onhoro az arboboni nazdiki khud intikhob menamud. Dar miyonai asri XIX dar Qarotegin karib 400 deha vuchud dosht. In dehaho ba 2 guruh muttahid gardida budand va har yake az in 22 guruh beki khudro dosht». (Istorii Tadjikskogo naroda.- S.77)
Amlokdorone, ki nisbatan vazifai pastro doro budand, ba vositai tobeoni khud, yane oksakolonu arbobon andozhoi davlatiro megundoshtand. Vazifai mirob va doruga boshad, boz zinae pasttar meistand.
Dar davrai hokimiyati feodali ba vazifai zakotchi chamkunandai andozhoi chori az hayvonot niz vuchud dosht. Hamai in amaldoroni davlat az khisobi aholii ruz meguzaronidand. Hamai in ba on ovarda rasonid, ki dekhdononu khunarmandon boz ham shshoktaru kambaaltar
meshudand.