Toj.su
SHohnoma – hamosai millii mardumoni Oriyoi , ki Abulqosim Firdavsi onro solhoi 970-1005 dar muddati 30-35 sol navishtaast. Hamosa az 60 hazor bayt (120 hazor misra) iborat ast va buzurgtarin hamosai jahon, ba hisob meravad.
Firdavsi asari khudro dar zamone navisht, ki davlati buzurg va muttamarkizi tojikon – Somoniyon giriftori kash- makashhoi dokhili bud. Vay dar sinni 35-solagi pas az on ki ba Bukhoro va digar joyho safar karda, bar ilovai «SHohnomai Abumansuri» dar borai guzashtai mardumoni Eron malumoti mufassal jam ovard, ba tanzimi khamosai khud «SHohnoma» shuru namud. Sar to sari on ba himo- yai chunin davlat va yagonagii mardum barkhosta, daleri, ozodi, sadoqat, vatandusti va qahramoni barin volotarin khislathoi insoniro targib namudaast.
Muttahidshavii eroniyon dar muboriza bahri mustaqiliyati davlat baroi bartaraf namudani nizohoi feodali va zulmu istibdo- di hokimoni mahalli dar Firdavsi fikri ofaridani epopeyai azimi «SHohnoma»-ro ba vujud ovard. Sarchashmai asosii khamosai Firdav- siro silsilai guftori sakkoi, sugdi dar borai Rustami bahodur, ki besh az seyaki dostonro dar bar megirad, inchunin afsonahoi sugdivu khorazmi dar borai Siyovush va afsonai bokhtari dar borai Isfandiyor faroham ovardaand. Aksariyati asotiri fasli avvali doston, ki bo afsonahoi dar Avasto ishorayofta mushobeh meboshand, az manbahoi osiyoimiyonagi baromadaand. Rivoyathoi oid ba davrai Sosoni (qismati khurdi doston) asosan az makhazhoi khatti, akhsusan az adabiyoti pahlavi iqtibos shudaast. Firdavsi makhazho (voqeanomahoi tarikhii sosonii «Hvatay — namak» «SHohnomai Abumansuri») va rivoyathoi dahonakii khalqro az nav kor karda, tavsifi voqeahoro ba tariqi khud sharh dod. Vale az ruze, ki Firdavsi ba talif namudani in asar kamar basta bud, khele vaqt guzasht. Dar in muddat davlati Somoni az po aftoda, az homiyoni shoir kase namonda bud.
On goh Firdavsi az rui maslihati yake az odamoni khayrandesh «SHohnoma»-ro ba sulton Mahmudi Gaznavi, ki ba sari hokimiyat omada bud, taqdim namud. Lekin Mahmud in tuhfai shoironaro rad namud va chunon, ki naql mekunand, hatto shoirro az sababi tasvir namudani qahramonon va podshohoni pesh az islomi ba kofiri aybdor namud. Muqaddimai «SHohnoma» az bobohoi «Ogozi kitob», «Guftor andar sitoishi khirad», «Guftahoro dar ofarinishi olam», «Sitoishi payombar va yoronash» faroham omadaast. Doston az se fasli asosi iborat ast: fasli yakum ba tarikhi Peshdodiyon, fasli duyum ba tarikhi Kayoniyon va fasli seyum ba tarikhi sulolai Sosoniyon bakhshida shudaast. Dar borai tarikhi Ashkoniyon niz sukhan meravad. Matni aslii doston az tasviri tarikhi 50 podshohoni Eronzamin (az Kayumars to YAzdigurdi III) tarkib yoftaast. Az nazari mardumi qadim va imruz shohoni dar asar tasvirshuda ashkhosi tarikhiyand va «SHohno-
ma» tarikhi Eronro az zaminhoi qadim to asri VII dar bar megirad. Paiham az bayn raftanu ba takht nishastani shohon dar «SHohnoma» baroi rioyai khronologiyai tarikhi, tamomiyati asar, purragi va mu- kammaliyati on madad merasonad.
«SHohnoma»-ro ba se bakhsh metavon judo kard: 1) asotiri, 2) pahlavi, 3) tarikhi. Dar bakhshi asotirii «SHohona» yakchand shohon – Peshddiyon az qabili Kayumars, Hushang, Tahmuras, Jamshed, Zahhok, Faridun va digaron amal menamoyand. Dar zamoni shohoni mazkur mardum unsurhoi madaniyat, tarzi zindagi, tayyor kardani khuroku libos, khonasozi, kashfi otash, hu- nari bofandagi, silohsozi, kishtu kori ziroat, kishtisozi va gayraro omukhtand. Dar zamoni in shohon jashnhoi qadimii mardumi eroni- najod Sada, Navruz, Mehrgon ba miyon omadand. Pahlavononi ziyode dar maydoni nabardu kornamoi paydo meshavand: Somi Narimon, Zol, Gudarz, Bejan, yak zumra zanoni shujo va dilovar, modaroni mushfiq va hamsaroni fidokor az qabili Gurdofarid, Rudoba, Manija, Faran- gis, Tahmina chun obrazhoi musbi tasvir yoftaand. Az davrai Dorovu Iskandar va Ashkoniyon qismi seyumi «SHohnoma» – qismi tarikhii on ogoz megardad. Nakhustin dostoni hajman kalon va dilangezu sar- guzashtii «SHohnoma» dostoni Ardasheri Bobakon ast, ki dar asosi manbahoi tarikhi, osori tarikhii pahlavi, arabi va forsi dari navishta shudaast.
Firdavsi dar in qism janghoro tasvir karda, ba gayr az obrazi shohon obrazi namoyandagoni tabaqahoi ijtimoi, mardumi mehnatkash, dehqononu kosibon, zanonu dukhtaroni oddii dehot, Mazda- ki shurishgar sipohiyonro bo sardorii Bahromi CHubina, ahli sanat, Borbadu Sarkashro tasvir kardaast. Dar in qism az ravobiti ilmivu farhangii Eronu Hinduston tarjuma shudani «Kalila va Dimna» jash- nhoi gunogun Sukhan meravad. Firdavsi ba tasviri sokhti davlatdori, umuri hukumat, korguzori, bojkhohi, ahvoli mardumoni tabaqahoi gu- nogun, nigohdorii sipoh, masalai talimu tarbiyai javonon dar zamoni Husravi Anushervon taqriban 5 hazor bayt bakhshidaast. Dar okhiri qismi tarikhii doston Firdavsi bo suzu gudoz va hasrati ziyod az shikast khurdani Eron az tarafi ajnabiyon -istilogaroni arabsukhan meronad. «SHohnoma»-i Firdavsi ahamiyati umumijahoni niz dorad, bo kushishi tarjumonhoi sobitqadam Firdavsi ba jahoni manavii
khalqho vorid gardid. Dar dili mardumi gunogunzabon masnad guzid va dar radifi Hommeru Vargiliy, Dante va SHekspir, Servantesu Volter shinokhta shud.
Ustod S.Ayni zimni risolai «Dar borai Firdavsi va „SHohnoma“-i u» ovardaast, ki «SHohnoma»-ro dar zamoni ajnabiyon ba nomi Iso binni Isfahoni ba tarzi nasr ba arabi tarjuma kardaast, ki in tarju- ma dar soli 679 hijri tamom yoftaast. Duyumin zabone, ki in kitob tarjuma shudaast, turkist va in korro asri XVII Totor – Ali Afandi ba anjom rasonidaast. Asari Firdavsi dar bayni turkzabononi Osiyoi Miyona khele shuhrat yofta, az avvali sadai XVIII onro uzbekho niz ba zaboni khud mekhondand. Avrupoiyon az ruzgor va asari Firdavsi barvaqt voqif budand, vale onho ba istiqboli Firdavsi zamone ogush kusho- dand, ki dar adabiyot uslubi romantizm tahkim meyoft. Nakhustin bor az tarafi sharqshinosi anglis U. Jons «SHohnoma» (s.1774) tarjuma shud. Az bayni rusho to soli 1947 M. Lozinskiy, M. Dyakonov va U. B. Bonu baroi tarjumai «SHohnoma» quvva ozmudaand.
Natijai hamin bud, ki soli 1934 hazorai Firdavsiro khalqhoi mutamaddin chun idi adabiyoti jahon tajlil kardand. Boyad guft, ki «SHohnoma» az tamomi hamosahoi khurdu buzurgi qahramoni va millii mardumoni gunogun «Surudi Ro- lan», «Dostoni polki Igor» ba on imtiyoz dorad, ki dar nazari sukha- nofarin ba voqeoti olam, sarguzashti sarnavishti insonho, mohiyatu manii zindagi naqshi kalon dorad va tanho ba naqlu tasviri ruzgori qahramonon iqtifo navarzida, har joe, ki ravo didaast, jahonbini va falsafai khudro bayon kardaast. Falsafai shoir beshtar ba surati pandu andarzho roje ba masoili gunoguni zindagi ifoda yoftaast.
Donishmandon dar borai «SHohnoma» fikrhoi jolib bayon namu- daand. Muallifi «CHahor maqola» Nizomii Aruzii Samarqandi qayd mekunad, ki daftarhoi alohidai dastnavisi duyumi «SHohnoma»-i Firdavsi az varaqhoi kaloni kogazi alosifati Samarqand tayyor karda shudaast. Boyad guft, ki on zamon dar Samarqand kogazi alosifat istehsol karda meshud. Ammo narkhi on kogaz bisyor baland bud. Az in sabab, na hamai ahli qalam az on istifoda meburdand.
Ba fikri muhaqqiqon, «SHohnoma» dar asosi «Hudoynoma» navista shuda, Firdavsii buzurgvor bo du maqsad asari mazkurro ejod namu- daast: dubora ehyovu zinda kardani tarikhi khalqi forsu tojik va toza nigoh doshtani zaboni tojiki az zaboni arabi. Har du maqsad ham baroi nigahdorii manaviyat va khalqi mo khidmati buzurg kardaast.
Dostonhoi epiki ba Firdavsi kumak namudaand, ki zaboni adabiro ba zaboni zindai khalq ivaz kunad. Dar sheriyati Firdavsi ham za- boni zinda va ham qahramonihoi bemislro didan mumkin ast. Vaqte sulton Mahmudi Gaznavi ba takhti podshohi meshinad, sinni Firdavsi ba panjohu hasht rasida bud. Firdavsi dar sinni haftodu yaksolagi muvofiqi maslihati dusti joniash Amir Mansuri «SHohnoma»-ro ba sulton Mahmudi Gaznavi taqdim mekunad. Eronshinosi mashhuru ma- ruf Bertels malumotero dar borai «SHohnoma»-i Firdavsi va sulton Mahmudi Gaznavi az «Tarikhi Siiston» takid namuda menavisad:
«Firdavsi ba sulton Mahmud „SHohnoma“-ro khonda dod. Mahmud guft, ki dar asl „SHohnoma“ dar khud hech chizi asosiro nadorad, ba gayr az „Guftor dar borai Rustam“. Dar qismi harbii man misli Rustam hazoron pahlavon mavjud ast». Firdavsi ba sulton Mahmud bisyor ja- vobi bamavrid va pukhta dodaast: «Dar bayni gulomoni SHumo monandi Rustam hech goh nabud va nakhohad shud». Eronshinosi shuhratyori nemis Gelmut Reyter qayd mekunad, ki dar olam yagon khalq misli tojikon chu- nin epos nadorad, ki tamomi tarikhi in khalqro darbar girifta boshad. Allomai mashhuri Eron Muhammad Ali Furugi «SHohnoma»-ro yake az az yodgorihoi buzurgi adabiyoti tojiku fors nomida, chunin guftaast:
«Ziyoda az in tasdiq namoem, ki in yake az durdonahoi adabiyoti sathi jahoni meboshad. Man boyad guyam, ki „SHohnoma“ buzurgtarin yodgorii adabii insoniyat ast».
Akademik B.Gafurov nisbati shoir guftaast: «Firdavsi niz sharaf va iftikhori tamadduni jahoni ast.»
Soli 1994 bo qarori makhsusi YUNESKO hazorai «SHohnoma» dar sarosari jahon jashn girifta shud. Pas az jashngirii in shohasar muhaqqiqoni adabiyot ba khulosae omadand, ki dar dostonsaroi maqomi Firdavsi ba poyai Gomer barobar ast.
Davlyatova Robia – magistri kursi 2 filologiyai tojik
