Ravandhoi innovatsioni dar peshraftu taraqqii sohibkori ahamiyati asosiro doro meboshand. Sarchashmai asosii ideyahoi innovatsioni ilm mahsub megardad, ki tamomi sohahoi faoliyati hayotii inson, az on jumla tashkili sohibkorii khurdro tamin menamoyad. Har guna davlat ba peshraftu rushdi faoliyathoi innovatsioni, ki dar onho sohibkorii khurd naqshi nazarrasero ifoda menamoyad, manfiatdor meboshad.
Talaboti obektivii guzarish ba iqtisodi bozori va tamini iqtisodro, ki har chi beshtar dar davroni feli dar Jumhurii Tojikiston ehsos megardad, nametavon biduni guzarish ba navho va shaklhoi peshraftai faoliyati innovatsioni ba amal barovard. Dar amri tezonidani in ravand boyad sohibkorii khurdi innovatsioni naqshi muhimero ijro namoyad.
Ravandi ejodi navovarihoi innovatsiyahoi ilmi-tekhniki, ilm, tekhnika, sohibkori va idoraro bo ham muttahid mesozad. Hadafi ravandi innovatsioni ba dast ovardani navovari buda, on az paydoishi aqida (ideya) to az nigohi tijorati amali shudani onro dar bar megirad. Hamin tavr, ravandi innovatsioni majmui hamai munosibatho, tavlidot, tabodul va istemoli navovarihoro dar bar megirad.
Navovari (innovatsiya) ravandi ilmi-tekhnikii iqtisodiyot meboshad, ki az ikhtiroot ba ejodu ba dast ovardani behtarin mahsulot, khizmatrasonho va tekhnologiyaho ovarda merasonad. Dar surate, ki on ba khotiri daryofti manfiathoi iqtisodi ravona shuda boshad, natijaash foidai izofi mahsub megardad. Navovari, innovatsiya ravandi murakkab, gunogunsoha va bisyormarhilavi buda, tamomi janbaho va pahluhoi faoliyathoro az tadqiqot va korkard to bozoryobi (marketing), faro megirad. Mahz hamin nuqta ba shaklhoi mukhtalifi biznesi khurd imkon medihad, ki dar on joi munosibati khudro ishgol namoyad.
SHirkatu korkhonahoi khurd dar istifodai tijoratkunonii onho, gustarishi onho dar sohahoi gunoguni tavlidotu istehsolot naqshi umdaero ijro menamoyand, chunki sohibkorii buzurg (kalon) dar amri suratbakhshi va natijagiriyu azkhudkunii iqtisodii navovariho va peshnihodi onho dar bozor az shirkathoi khurdi az nigohi tekhnologi peshrafta sakht qafo mondaand. Ba gayr az in, paydoish va rushdi bosurati shirkathoi khurdi shirkathoi khurd naqshi kashshofon va tavlidkunandagoni mahsuloti bozorhoi navro ijro menamoyand. SHirkathoi buzurgi tijorati boshand, vazifai tashkilotchigii tavlidoti vase va taminoti sarivaqtii bozorro bo mahsulotu khizmatrasonii nav baroi khud hifz menamoyand. In ravand aqidai aloqamandii sohibkorii khurdu buzurg va takomuli mutaqobili onhoro tasdiq menamoyad, ki har kadom dar ravandi innovatsioni mutanosib ba khususiyathoi khud joyi muayyanero ishgol menamoyand.
Roje ba ahamiyati faoliyathoi innovatsionii shirkathoi khurd natijahoi iqtisodii kishvarhoi peshrafta shahodat medihand. Dar IMA az jonibi shirkathoi khurd 35%, dar Britaniyai Kabir va Olmon boshad-mutanosiban 23% va 26% navovariho, ki dar istehsolot amali meshavand, az jonibi shirkathoi khurd ejod gardidaand.
Rushdu taraqqii sohibkorii khurdi innovatsioni unsuri noguziri ejodi iqtisodi bozori mahsub megardad. Metavon samthoi asosii tasirrasonii nizomi korkhonahoi khurdi innovatsioniro ba rushdi bosamari navovarihoi ilmi-tekhniki judo namud:
yakum-bartaraf namudani monopolizmi ittihodiyahoi buzurg, korkhonaho va sozmonho dar sohai korkardu tavlidoti navhoi muayyani tekhnika va tekhnologiyaho va samtgaroi ba qonesozii manfiathoi istemolkunandagon, ki ba daryofti tekhnikavu tekhnologiyahoi harchi sifatnok va nisbatan arzon manfiatdor meboshand;
duyum-istifodai harchi purratari komyobihoi ilmi, natijahoi tadqiqoti fundamentali va amalii ilmi. Korkhonahoi khurd metavonand dar zaminai sokhtorhoi tashkilothoi buzurgi ilmi-tekhniki baroi samaranok az khud kardani natijahoi qablan anjomdodashuda tasis doda shavand;
seyum-tezonidani ravandi korkard va amali sokhtani navovarihoi ilmi-tekhniki mutanosib bo samthoi oyandadori ravandi innovatsioni. SHirkathoi khurdi ilmi-tadqiqoti, ki ba amali sokhtani loihahoi «tavakkalona», khavfi yo ziyod doshta mashgul meboshand, chi tavre ki tajribai kishvarhoi mutaraqqi nishon medihad, metavonand sahmi arzandaero dar peshrafti samthoi oyandadoru strategi amali sokhtani navovarihoi ilmi-tekhniki vorid sozand.
chorum-sarivaqt qone namudani korkhonaho va aholi bo mahsuloti ilmi-tadqiqoti;
panjum-rushdu taraqqii tashabbushoi khojagidori, korchaloni, bolo burdani naqshi havasmandgardonii moddii kormandon, soddagi va osonii nisbii ejod va tasisi korkhonahoi khurd, darajai balandi khudmukhtoriyat va mustaqiliyati onho baroi zohir namudani tashabbus va korchaloni dar sohai tatbiqi navovarihoi ilmi-tekhniki imkoniyati vasero peshnihod menamoyad;
shashum– istifoda va gustarishi shaklhoi peshqadami tashkilotchigi va havasmandkunii mehnat baroi nishondihandahoi balandi samaranokii iqtisodii faoliyati korkhonahoi khurd bois megardad va musoidat menamoyad;
haftum – ru ovardan ba qonesozii talaboti aholi va korkhonahoi mintaqa, istifodai zakhirahoi mahalli va partovhoi istehsolot. Korkhonahoi khurd aksaran zimni ru ovardan ba istemolkunandagoni dokhili mintaqa ba halli mukholifati bayni talaboti korkhonaho va aholii mintaqa ba mahsulot va khizmatho, inchunin ba samtgaroii yak qator korkhonaho ba robitahoi iqtisodi dar chahorchubi sohai mushakhkhas musoidat menamoyand. Dar robita ba in holat maqomoti mahallii idorakunandaro lozim ast, ki siyosati pushtibonii korkhonahoi khurdi ilmi-tadqiqoti, inchunin korkhonahoi khurdi baroi mintaqa afzaliyatnokro, ki ba bozori dokhilimintaqavi marbut meboshand, maqsadnoku bosamar amali sozand.
Masalai faolsozii amaliyothoi navovarona, bo mushkiloti jiddii nazariyaviyu amalii tasirpazirii innovatsionii iqtisodiyot marbut ast. Zeri mafhumi tasirpazirii innovatsionii iqtisod omodagi va qobiliyati iqtisodiyot ba azkhudkunii dastovardhoi ilmu tekhnika dark karda meshavad. Tasirpazirii iqtisodiyoti in yo on kishvar ba navovariho dar navbati avval, az mavjudiyati bozor va mekhanizmho sokhtorhoi bozori, ki qobiliyati tavlidot va furushi mahsulotro tamin karda metavonand, vobastagi dorad. Dar in holat raqobati bayni tavlidkunandagoni donishhoi navi ilmi, istehsolkunandagoni navovariho va raqobati bayni istemolkunandagon, ki dar baynashon navovariho pahn karda meshavand, naqshi favqulodda muhimro ijro menamoyad.
Zuhur va gustarishu taraqqii vasei sohibkorii navovaronai venchuri dar mamlakathoi Garb marbut ba komilan pur kardani bozorhoi mamuli, ki boisi raqobati shadidi sohibkoron baroi istemolkunanda (kharidor) megardad, mansub ast. Qafo mondan az navovariho manoi khudro bo muflisivu varshikastagi ru ba ru sokhtan ast. Az in ru, har chi raqobat shadidtar meshavad, hamon qadar baroi fardoi istehsolkunandagon ideyahoi ilmi va halnomahoi tekhniki boqi memonad. Sohahoe, ki sathi balandtarini taraqqiyoti innovatsioniro doro meboshand, mamulan az rui majmui vasei istehsolkunandagon farq mekunand.
Dar in sohaho, odatan, yakchand korporatsiyahoi buzurgtarin, dahho, sadho va hatto hazorho istehsolkunandagoni miyonavu khurd faoliyat menamoyand. In holatest, ki dar raqobat hifz karda meshavad, ammo raqiboni asosi zakhirahoi beshtari moli, puli va moddiro dar ikhtiyor dorand.
Dar sharoiti kununii rushdu taraqqii iqtisodiyoti Tojikiston mushkiloti furushi amalan har guna mol, ki javobgui talaboti kharidor-istemolkunanda meboshad, nest, chunki talabot ba in guna molu kolo qarib hamesha mavjud ast. Bo tavajjuh ba khususiyathoi iqtisodiyoti mo shaklhoi mubtakirii (venchurii) faoliyathoi, innovathsioni dar on namude, ki dar Garb amal mekunand, ba tavri obektivi amali namegardand. Dar ayni hol nodurust mebud, agar az nabudani shaklhoi muayyani faoliyathoi nazdik ba faoliyathoi venchuri dar iqtisodiyoti Tojikiston harf bizanem yo sohibkorii venchuriro biduni durnamo va oyandador arzyobi namoem. Dar iqtisodiyoti milli chunin navhoi faoliyathoi iqtisodiro metavon paydo namud, ki avvalan, bo baland budani tavakkal va soniyan, foidanokii makhsus, samarkanokii baland farq menamoyand.
Ba chunin navhoi faoliyathoi innovatsioni metavon koru amalhoi zerinro shomil namud;
- korkard va istehsoli molu khizmatho jihati amali sokhtan dar bozori jahoni;
- tamini voridsozii hamajonibai navovariho, ki marbut ba tashkili istehsol va furushi onho meboshad;
- faoliyati ilmi-tekhniki jihati ejodi navhoi usulan navini mahsulot, tekhnologiyaho va khizmatho.
Sathi balandi tavakkal va ehtimoliyat, inchunin voridoti foidanoki arzi (asor) dar surati noil shudan ba muvaffaqqiyat dar mavridi baromadan ba bozori khele raqobatpaziri jahoni, baralo huvaydo megardad. Dar mavridi samti duyum boshad, on bo tavakkalu ehtimoliyati baland hamroh megardad va qabl az hama, vaz binobar inertnokii makhsusi tekhnologi va iqtisodii vohidhoi mamuli dar faoliyathoi khojagidori, mushkiloti tashkili har guna istehsoli mahsulot- navovariho va mushkilihoi tamini zakhirahoi moddi zohir megardad. In navi faoliyati innovatsioni dar holati daryofti huquqi imtiyoznoki monopoliyai istehsol yo furushi navovari foidaovar ast.
Dar mavridi samti seyum metavon tazakkur dod, ki har guna faoliyati ilmi-tekhniki yagon khislati tavakkali yo ehtimoliro doro meboshad. Dar in zamina on chize, ki baroi ejodi korkardhoi usulan nav ravona karda shudaast, ba darajai oli dar mavqeiyati tavakkali qaror megirad, chunki ba hangomi raftoru kirdori inertii khojagidori natijahoi iqtisodi khele nomuayyan va mushkiliho khohad bud. Dar surati muvaffaqiyat boshad, in natija metavonad dar shakli foidahoi baland va darkhosthoi sudmand jihati tadqiqothoi nav yo tajdidi (modifikatsiya) «kuhna»-ho zohir gardad.
Mahz hamin qabil samthoi faoliyati innovatsioniro dar iqtisodi milli, ki khislathoi tavakkali dorand va dar surati komyobi khele foidanok hastand, metavon «venchuri, mubtakiri» sharh dod. Ba gayr az in dar sharoiti kununi metavon tasdiq namud, ki khislathoi mazkuri in se navi faoliyati innovatsioni, makhsusan, dar holati amali sokhtani hadafhoi khud bo rohi gayrimamuli, dar shakli navi tashkili, ba monandi shirkathoi ilmi-istehsoli, muassisahoi khurdi innovatsioni va tatbiqi, bonkho va bunyodhoi innovatsioni khele purjilo megardand.
Hadafhoi asosii tasisi korkhonahoi khurdi ilmi-tadqiqoti inho meboshand:
- ishtirok dar tashakkuli bosuboti bozori moli;
- tezonidani amalisozii dastovardhoi ilmi-tekhniki;
- musoidat dar amri qonesozii har chi beshtari talaboti iqtisodiyot ba mahsuloti sanoati va sokhtmoni, amvol va khizmatho;
- musoidat jihati istehsoli mahsuloti dar bozori jahoni raqobatpazir bar zaminai tanzimu tashkili zudi istehsoloti on dar hajmi khurd;
- istifodai har chi beshtaru samaranoktari zakhirahoi moddi va mehnatii mahalli va partovhoi istehsolot;
- gustarish va bolo burdani navhoi khizmathoi pulakii ba korkhonavu muassisaho va aholi peshnihodshuda, behtar namudani sifatu kayfiyati in khizmatrasoniho, omuzishi durnamoi darkhostu talabot.
Korkhonahoi khurdi ilmi-tekhniki ba istehsoloti mahsuloti ilmi, korkardi mahsulotu tekhnologiyahoi nav mashgul meboshand. Ammo khususiyati khosi faoliyati chunin korkhonahoi khurd dar davroni hozira dar Jumhurii Tojikiston on ast, ki tamomi afzaliyati onho metavonad na ba tekhnologiyahoi nav, balki ba ejodi mahsuloti navovarona nigaronida shavad.
CHunin ba nazar merasad, ki shaklhoi nisbatan ba hayot qobiliyatnoki sohibkorii khurdi innovatsioni niz markazhoi mintaqavi va shahrii musoidat ba sohibkorii khurd, «parkhoi tekhnologi», inkubatorhoi mintaqavii firmahoi khurdi ilmi- tadqiqotiro mansub megardonad, navhoi mukhtalifi khizmatrasonihoro bo sharoiti imtiyoznok peshnihod menamoyand.
Hamchunin metavon rohhoi asosii tasisu tashkili parkhoi (markazhoi) ilmi va tekhnologii zerinro judo kard:
- kormandoni markazhoi ilmi zimni kushishu taloshhoi khud jihati tijorati sokhtani tadqiqotro ba sifati sohibkor muarrifi meshavand va sokhtorhoi venchuriro tasis medihand;
- shirkathoi khurdi ilmi-tadqiqoti tavassuti hayati kormandoni ilmi-tekhnikii shirkathoi buzurg tasis doda meshavand, ki shirkati buzurgro ba khotiri kushodani «kori shakhsi» kanor guzoshtaand;
- korkhonavu muassisahoe, ki mekhohand az imtiyozhoi peshnihodi dar chahorchubai parkhoi tekhnologi istifoda barand, filialhoi khudro boyad ba onho intiqol dihand.
SHirkathoi khurdu miyona dar markazi tekhnologi metavonand az yak qator imtiyozho va bartariho, yane sharoiti imtiyoznoki ijora, imkoniyati istifodai tajhizoti umumi, sharoiti khub baroi giriftani qarz, kooperatsiya bo shirkathoi digar, ki bevosita dar nazdiki qaror dorand, kumaku yorii ilmi-tekhniki va takhassusii idori va gayraho istifoda namoyand.
Har zamon chunin unsuri tekhnopolis va tekhnopark (markazi tekhnologi) ba monandi biznes-inkubator niz naqshi chashmrasero bozi mekunad.
Vazifai biznes-inkubatorho «barovardani» sohibkoron va rasonidani kumak ba onho dar amali sokhtani korkardhoi ilmi bo rohi sanoati meboshad. Inkubatorhoi tijoratiro hamchun yake az vasoilhoi musoidatkunandai taraqqiyoti iqtisodiyot dar sathi mahalli metavon muarrifi kard, chunki onho ba korkhonahoi jadidan tasisyofta dar davrai ibtidoii (avvali) mavjudiyatashon pushtiboniyu dastgirii samaranok merasonand. Onho ba sohibkoroni navkor dar davrai mushkili avvali korashon, baroi bomuvaffaqiyat pesh burdani faoliyatashon zaminahoi khub ejod mekunand. Navhoi «inkubatorhoi» tijorati vobasta ba khususiyathoi mahalli va hadafhoi dar peshguzoshtashuda metavonad khele gunogun boshand. Dar in zamina diqqatro beshtar metavonad ba istehsolot yo rasonidani khizmatho ravona sozand.
Tajribai baynalmillali nishon medihad, ki biznes-inkubatorho baroi tahkimi neruhoi iqtisodii maqomoti mintaqavii rohbarikunanda binobar dastgirii maqsadnokashon az sohibkoroni javon va shirkathoi dubora tashkilshuda musoidat menamoyand. Onho metavonand durnamoi dar «rui ob» mondani ashkhose, ki mekhohand kori khudro tashkil namoyand yo sohibkoroni navkorro behtar namoyand.
Qabuli sokhibkoroni khurdu miyona ba doirai sokhibkoroni mustahkam sari payi khud istoda, imkon medihad, ki onkho bayni khud oidi faoliyati sohibkori taboduli nazar kunand va on ba manfiati hamai onho khizmat khohad kard.
Faoliyati biznes-inkubatorho shomili chunin unsurho meboshad: a) peshnihodhoi binoho va pardokhti ijora;
- tashkil namudani sokhtorhoi jolib va khizmatrasoniho.
Hamzamon sokhtori khizmatrasonihoi az tanosubi chunin amalho iborat ast:
- miyonaravi kardan dar irtibot bo hamkoroni ittihodiyaho va palatahoi savdo;
- pushtibonivu dastgiri dar surati halu fasli mushkiloti idori va huquqi;
- ba dast ovardan va peshnihod kardani malumot az ruyi masalahoi dogi ruz;
- bolo burdani sathi malumotnoki dar faoliyathoi sokhibkori;
- intikhobi sohibkor.
Na har kadom sohibkor metavonad jihati ishtirok dar biznes- inkubator maylu tamanno namoyad, vay boyad sobit sozad, ki korkhonaash imkoni voqeii muvaffaqiyati iqtisodiro dorad va mahsuloti istehsol menamudai mavod, mol yo khizmat, dar bozor raqobatpazir va oyandador ast.
Zarur ast, ki korkhonahoi intikhobshuda yakdigaro purra sozand va ba in vasila tasiri hamohangii onho mustahkamtar megardad. Korkhonahoe, ki shomili biznes-inkubator meboshand, naboyad raqibi yakdigar boshand. Dar injo shirkathoi buzurg korkhonahoi khurdi innovatsioniro ba darajai beshtar bo istifoda az shaklhoi gunoguni tashkili huquqi nazorat mekunand.
«Inkubator»-i khub tashkilshuda va samaranok idorashavanda qodir ast hatto dar surati mablagguzorii nisbatan khoksoronae, ki niz ba aqidai korshinoson, 50-70 shirkati navi khurdi
mutadilkorkunandaro tashkil va tasis dihad, yane dar davrai 10 sol to 2000 joyi navi kori tasis dihad.
Dar asosi tahlilhoi guzaronidashuda va khulosai faoliyati korkhonahoi khurdi innovatsioni lozim ba yodovari ast, ki rushdu peshrafti sohibkorii innovatsioni dar Jumhurii Tojikiston bar zaminai yak qator omilho mahdud gardidaast.
Avvalin havasmandnokii aksariyati subekthoi khojagidori ba amali shudani korkardhoi usulan nav, navovarihoi sathi balandi tekhniki va iqtisodi ba nazar namerasad, Natijai on-talaboti past ba chunin navovariho meboshad. Bozori mahsuloti ilmi-tekhniki dar kishvari mo khele takhassusist.
Talabot ba navigarihoi voqean inqilobi, tekhnologiyahoi peshraftai progressivi past ast. Bozori chunin mahsulot dar Jumhurii Tojikiston qarib vujud nadorad, chunki aksariyati muassisahoi sanoati (makhsusan davlati) omoda nestand dast ba tagyiroti aslii tekhnologiyaho bizanand. Tankho shirkathoi khorichi, ba amali sokhtani korkardhoi balansath manfiatdor meboshand, ki faolona ba sui bozori mahsuloti intellektuali shitob dorand.
Ba gayr az onho manfiatnokii khudro ba chunin mahsulot metavonand shirkathoi khurdi jadidan sozmonyofta va yak qator korkhonahoi khususishuda zohir namoyand. Ammo onhoe, ki ba faoliyathoi ilmi-tadqiqoti amali sokhtani navovariho mashguland, khele kamand.
Soniyan, rushdu taraqqi nayoftani sistemai mablagguzorii loihahoi innovatsionii tavakkali va subekthoi on ba monandi fondhoi venchuri, bonkhoi innovatsioni, birjahoi muzoyadavi va gayraho, inchunin vazi umumii iqtisodiyot, bequrbshavi, foizi balandi pul az ruyi qarz, buhroni innovatsioni in mushkiliro boz ham mushkiltar megardand.
Hususan, mushkiloti marbut ba tamini moddi-tekhniki, maydonhoi istehsoli, dastgohu tajhizot, ashyo va mavodi mavridi niyoz zimni ba dast ovardan sayu kushishi ziyod robitaho, amaliyothoi tavakkaliro taqozo menamoyand.
Az in ru baroi amali sokhtani yagon navovarii buzurghajm, masalan, yak tekhnologiyai nav, kushishu imkonoti har guna korkhonavu muassisai alohida, korkhonai khurd on taraf istad, komilan nokifoya meboshad. Baroi halli musbati on yak mekhanizmi havasmandkuni lozim ast, ki zud va sarivaqt kharidorivu paydo namudani miqdori zarurii zakhirahoi moddi va navhoi onhoro tamin namoyad.
Va dar okhir, raqobati sust dar bozori dokhilii mahsuloti ilmi-tekhniki. Muhaqiq, har amalero, ki anjom nadihad, dar har surat dar maqomi sohibhuquq (monopolist) qaror megirad, yo hej naboshad, raqobati tezu tundro ehsos namekunad. CHunin raqobatro tanho dar bozori mahsuloti barnomasoziho metavon mushohida namud, ki on marbut ba talabot nisbatan beshtar ba in mahsulot va nabudani mushkilot dar nuskhabardorivu intishor va gustarishi on meboshad.
Dar robita ba mushkiloti ziyodi rushdu taraqqii sohibkorii khurdi innovatsioni zarur ast, siyosati makhsusi pushtiboni va dastgirii bakhshi mazkur pesh burda shavad.
Az nazari menejmenti innovatsioni, siyosati boshuuronai davlatii takhassusii (sohavi) pushtibonivu dastgirii sohibkorii khurdi innovatsioni boyad majmui tadbirhoi tashkili, moliyavi, moddi, ijtimoi-iqtisodi, huquqii tanzimi sohibkorii khurdu miyonaro, ki az doirai konsepsiyai yagonai zarurati jamiyati dar amri rushdu peshrafti sohibkorii innovatsioni dar iqtisodiyot dar majmu va baroi har mintaqa barmeoyand, dar bar girad. In tadbirho boyad andozbandii imtiyozi, takmili mekhanizmi tashkili va huquqi, gustarishi huquqhoi sozmonu tashkilothoi qarzi va gayraro dar sohai mablagguzori, inchunin soddavu shaffof namudani amaliyothoi qarzdihi, rasonidani khizmathoi ittilooti-mashvaratdihi va tasisi sokhtorhoi mutanosibro tamin namoyand.