Toj.su
Iborai inkishofi psikhika va shuur dar du mavrid istifoda burda mesha vad: yakum, dar mavridi bayoni inkishofi tarikhi yo tahavvuloti psikhika; duyum dar mavridi ifodai inkishofi psikhikii fardi alohida. Mavridi avval, ki filogenez (az yun. filesulola, namud va genezis-baromad, paydoish)-i psikhika niz nomida shudaast, dar mavzui seyumi hamin bobi kitob barrasi karda meshavad. Jarayoni inkishofi fardii organizmro boshad ontogenez (az yun. ontos-haqiqi, asli va genezis-baromad, paydoish) menomand. Doir ba inkishofi ontogenezii psikhika du nuqtai nazari ba ham mukholif vujud dorad, ki bo nomi raviyahoi biogentiki va sotsiogenetiki mamuland.
Namoyandagoni raviyai biogenetiki chunin meshumorand, ki dar inkishofi psikhika va shakhsiyati odam asosan omilhoi biologi naqsh dorand. Ba aqidai onho, ravandi inkishofi psikhikai odam hanuz pesh az tavalludi u dar genho- noqilhoi makhsusi akhboroti irsi sabt shudaand va chi guna khususiyathoi psikhikiro sohib shudani u, kadom qobiliyatu mahoratro az khud kardani u va az akhboroti dar genho mahfuzbuda vobasta ast. Jonibdoroni raviyai sotsiogenetiki boshad chunin mehisoband, ki dar inkishofi psikhika naqshi omilhoi ijtimoi asosist. Onho chunin meshumorand, ki odam tanho zaminahoi inkishofi psikhikiro ba meros megirad, hamagon az ruzi tavallud qobiliyathoi yakkhelai biologi va imkoniyathoi barobari inkishofro sohiband. CHigunagii khususiyathoi psikhologi va inkishofi qobiliyathoi fard purra az tasiroti muhit vobasta buda, dar sharoiti musoid har yak nafar metavonad ba darajai balandi inkishofi psikhikiyu aqloni rasad. YAke az namoyandagoni raviyai sotsiogenetiki J. Lokk bud, u psikhikai kudaki navzodro chun gaza» (takhtai khatnavisii toza) baho medod, ki onro tajriba bo naqshhoi khud pur mesozad. Muvofiqi talimoti olim, dar shuur chize nest, ki tavassuti uzvhoi his vorid nagardida boshad. Kambudii ham biogenetikho va ham sotsiogenetikho dar on bud, ki ba omilhoi inkishofdihandai psikhika va
shakhsiyati odam bahoi yakjoniba medodand. Ilmi muosir bo dalelhoi qati isbot mekunad, ki dar inkishofi psikhika ham omilhoi tabii va ham omilhoi ijtimoi naqshi muassir dorand. Tasavvur kuned, ki kudak bo magzi illatnok yo uzvhoi hissii kornoqobil, masalan chashmi nobino tavallud meshavad. Albatta, rushdi psikhikiyu aqlonii chunin kudak mahdud ast. Qayd kardan lozim ast, ki kudak na tanho sokhtorhoi anatomiro ba meros megirad, balki yak qator khususiyathoi psikhofiziologi niz, az qabili tipi sistemai asab va khususiyathoi konstitutsionali, khususiyathoi uzvhoi his, zaminahoi tabiii qobiliyatho, az jumla qobiliyathoi makhsus va gayra dar sathi tabii ba inson doda shudaand, ki to andozae samt va khususiyathoi inkishofi psikhikii uro muayyan mekunand. Az in mebaroyad, ki
mo nametavonem naqshi omilhoi tabii, az jumla irsiro sarfi nazar kunem. Az jonibi digar, inkishofi kudakro be tasiri ravandi talimu tarbiya va digar tasiroti ijtimoi niz tasavvur kardan gayriimkon ast. Hamin tavr, nuqtai nazari psikhologiyai muosir ba omilhoi asosii inkishofi psikhiki, chunone, ki meguyand, biosotsiogenetiki ast. In mavqero omuzishi ravandi inkishofi psikhikii dugonikhoi az yak tukhmhujayra tavalludshuda asosnok karda metavonad. Agar dugonikhoi dar yak hujayratukhm tashakkulyoftaro dar muhiti gunogun tarbiya namoem, pas mebinem, ki dar inkishofi psikhikii onho umumiyat va farqiyatho mavjudand. Hud az khud muayyan ast, on khususiyathoe, ki umumiand, zaminai irsi va tabii dorand va on khususiyathoe, ki farqkunandaand, dar asosi tasiri muhit ba vujud omadaand. Istifodai amalii metodi dugonikho nishon dod, ki hardu guruhi khususiyatho nishondihandahoi muhimi inkishofi psikhikii fard meboshand va baroi afzaliyat dodan ba yake az omilhoi biologiyu ijtimoi asosi ilmi vujud nadorad.CHunin yak bahsi digar dar atrofii quvvahoi botinii harakatdihandai inkishofi psikhiki joy dosht.
Olimi avstriyagi Z.Freyd ba sifati chunin quvvaho maylhoi beshuurona va khususan maylhoi shahvoniro peshnihod mekunad, ki az jonibi u energiyai libido nomida shudaast.
Ba aqidai u, mahz dar ravandi kushishi qanoatmandsozii maylhoi shahvoni faolii odam ba vujud meoyad, ki inkishofi psikhikii u bo on vobasta ast. Muhaqqiqoni ziyode ba in «khulosai beadabona» zid baromadand, ammo samthoi gunoguni nazariyai Z.Freyd isboti khudro yoftaand. Psikhologiyai muosir boshad talabothoro quvvai harakatdihandai inkishofi psikhiki meshumorad. Talabot guno-gunand: organiki, ijtimoi, marifati va gayra. Qanoatmandsozii yak talabot talaboti navro ba vujud meovarad.
Dar ravandi qanoatmandsozii talabot inkishofi psikhiki niz ba amal meoyad. Psikhika va shuuri odam dar davomi hayoti fardii u az rui qonuniyati muayyan inkishof meyobad. CHunin qonunhoi inkishofi psikhikiro muayyan kardaand:a) qonuni nomutanosibinkishofyobii psikhiki; b) qonuni integratsiyai faoliyati psikhiki; v) qonuni plastiki (tagyiryobanda) budani inishofi psikhiki va jubron shudani noqisihoi on az hisobi tashakkuli digar tarafhoi shakhsiyat. Hangomi baho dodan ba inkishofi psikhikii kudak na inkishofi ravandhoi alohidai psikhiki, balki vohidi davrahoi sinnusoliro ba nazar megirand. Muhim budani chunin nuqtai nazarro psikhologi rus L.S.Vigotskiy (1896-1934) dark karda navishtaast: «sinnu sol chunin tashkilai yaklukhti dinamiki, chunin sokhtorest, ki naqsh va ahamiyati har yak juzi alohidai inkishofro muayyan mekunad».L.S.Vigotskiy ba sifati chenaki tahlili inkishofi psikhiki vohidi davrahoi sinnusoliro istifoda kard. Hamchunin u yake az avvalinho shuda, davrabandii sinnusolii inkishofi psikhikiro peshnihod namud. Ayni zamon dar psikhologiyai sinnusoli yakchand tasnifoti sinnusolii inkishofi psikhika mamuland, ba monandi tasnifoti psikhologi amerikoi E.Erikson (1902-1994), psikhologoni rus D.B.Elkonin (1904-1984), B.G.Ananev (1907-1972) va digaron.YAke az mamultarin davrabandihoi inkishofi sinnusolii psikhikaro, ki ba psikhologi rus A.N.Leontev (1903-1979) taalluq dorad, dida mebaroem. A.N.Leontev haft marhalai inkishofi psikhikii
kudakro judo kardaast: navzodi (az tavallud to 2 mohagi); sinni avvali tifli (az 2 to 6 mohagi); sinni badii tifli (az 6 to 12-14 mohagi); sinni barvaqti tomaktabi (az 1 to 3 solagi); sinni tomaktabi (az 3 to 7 solagi); sinni khurdi maktabi (az 7 to 11-12 solagi); sinni navrasi va navjavoni (az 13-14 to 17-18 solagi). Har yak davraro az nigohi inkishofi psikhiki tavsif menamoem.
Baroi davrai avval, yane sinni navzodi uzvhoi hissi, harakat va sistemai asabi nisbatan inkishofyofta khos ast, ki hanuz dar davrai dokhilibatni shakl giriftaand. Dar navzod allakay ehsosi binoi, shunavoi, pusti, maza va ehsosi holati badan dar fazo, inchunin aksar reflekshoi sodda tashakkul yoftaand. Bo vujudi on, ki sistemai asab va qismhoi on, az jumla qishri magzi sari navzod tashakkul yoftaand, vale az sababi inkishofi hanuz nomukammali sokhtori mikroskopii magz navzod nametavonad ba tasiroti muhit aksulamali muvofiq zohir namoyad. Hayoti kudak dar ruzhoi avvali tavallud bo hayoti dokhilibatniash umumiyati ziyod dorad: hangomi oromi navzod dar holati embrionali qaror megirad; 4/5 hissai hayotashro vay dar khob meguzaronad. Faolii zohirii navzod asosan ba qanoatmand kardani talaboti u ba gizo ravona gardidaast. Harakathoi dast va joyivazkuni dar fazo
taqriban vujud nadorad. Ammo bo vujudi in dar u allakay unsurhoi ibtidoii raftor tashakkul meyoband. Idroki binoi dar ibtido umuman mavjud nest, kudak tanho ba obekthoi kalon va yo ravshan etino mekunadu khalos.Hamzamon tashakkuli aksulamalhoi mavqegiri, ba misli etino ba sado va khususan navozishi modar ogoz meyobad.udak dar sinni se-chor haftagi kame faoltar meshavad. Dar in davra aksulamali makhsus shakl megirad, ki dar yak nav faolshavii kudak hangomi hozir budani odamon ifoda meyobad. In aksulamalro muhaqqiqon «aksulamali khushholi» omidaand. In aksulamal nishonai on ast, ki dar kudak idroki predmeti shakl girifta istodaast.Hamin tavr, tavsifdihandahoi inkishofi psikhiki dar in marhala tashakkuli sokhtori mikroskopii magz,shaklgirii unsurhoi soddai raftor va aksulamali
mavqegiri va zuhuroti «aksulamali khushholi» meboshand.Kudak dar marhalai sinni avvali tifli allakay bo ashyoho manipulyatsiyaho menamoyad, protsessi idrok shakl megirad va u metavonad ba ashyoho dast rasonida yo onhoro doshta, dar yak vaqt nigohashro ba onho ravona kunad. Dar in davra vay nishastanro meomuzad va odamonu ashyohoro meshinosad. Hamin tavr khususiyati asosi inkishofi psikhiki dar in marhala inkishofi amalho bo yorii ashyo va protsesshoi idroki predmeti ast. Sinni badii tifli az nimai duyumi soli avvali hayot ogoz meyobad.
Kudak dar in davra amalhoi navro az khud mekunad, ki munosibati uro bo olami ihotakarda tagyir medihand. Dar haftmohagi allakay harakathoi dasti khub inkishof yoftaand. U metavonad ashyohoro girad, ba dahon barad yo tela dihad. Hamzamon metavonad mustaqilona nishinad, ba shikam khobad yo ba pusht gel zanad;vay khazidan, bo yorii digaron khestan va ba ashyoho ovezon shudanro yod megirad. Hamai in ba inkishofi sistemai takyagohu harakat (ustukhonu mushakho) musoidat mekunad, ki dar navbati khud, ba qabuli beshtari akhborot az olami ihotakarda va boisi inkishofi mustaqiliyati kudak megardand. Munosibati kudak bo kalonsol tadrijan kharakteri faoliyati yakjoyaro megirad, ki dar ravandi on muoshirati predmeti niz amali meshavad.
Masalan, kalonsol ashyoro ba kudak tela medihad, kudak onro megirad yo kudak ashyoro mepartoyad va kalonsol onro megirad. Dar in davra idroki kudak tashakkul yofta, aknun u ashyohoi alohidaro ne, balki majmui onhoro idrok mekunad. Dar rafti muoshirati predmeti tadrijan nutq va tafakkuri sodda (tafakkui predmeti) shakl megirand, nishonahoi avvalini taqlid ba raftori kalonsol ba vujud meoyand. Hamchunin dar in davra kudak rohgardiro yod megirad.
Hamin tavr, nuqtahoi muhimi inkishofi psikhiki dar in davra inhoyand: tagyir yoftani munosibati kudak bo olami ihotakarda dar asosi muoshirati predmeti; zuhuri nishonahoi nutq va tafakkuri sodda; taqlid ba raftori kalonsol va omukhtani rohgardi.
