Istiloi nohiyahoi CHanubu SHarki va Markazii Tikiston az tarafi Amorati Bukhoro

Osiyoi Miyona hamchun kishvari az sarvathoi zerizamini boy kayho boz diqqati mamlakathoi sarmoyadoriro ba khud chalb namuda bud. Dar navbati avval baroi ba mustamlikai khud tabdil dodani Osiyoi Miyona Rossiyai podshokhi va Angliya muboriza meburdand. Hato sultoni Turkiya va shokhi Eron tayyor budand, ki yagon porcha zamin az Osiyoi Miyona ba dast orand. In davlatho az solhoi 20 – umi asri XIX sar karda ba korhoi dokhilii khonigarihoi Osiyoi Miyona faolona dakholat mekardand.
Az miyonahoi asri XIX dar bozorhoi Osiyoi Miyona molhoi anglisi dokhil shudan giriftand, ki in ba tang karda barovardani molhoi Rossiya az in bozorho ovarda rasonid. In takhdidi Angliya Rossiyaro machbur sokht, ki nakshai zabti Osiyoi Miyonaro kashad. SHikast khurdani Rossiya dar chni Qrim solhoi 1853 – 1856 khukumati podshokhiro vodor mesokht, ki zabtkorii Osiyoi Miyonaro tezond. Inchunin dar in solho Rossiyai podshokhi ba rokhi taravdiyoti sarmoyadori dokhil shuda ekhtiyochi ziyod ba ashyoi khom dosht. In manbai ashyoi khomro Rossiya dar bozorhoi Osiyoi Miyona medid.
Solhoi 1862 – 1863 kushunhoi rus amaliyot chorsuna
guzaronida yakchand istekhkmro dar Osiyoi Miyona zabt namudand. Badtar sentyabri soli 1864 az du samt: Orenburg va Avuli Ato bo sardorii general CHernyaev ba huchumi qati guzashta, CHimkentro ishgol namudand. Bad az huchumi qati 17 mai soli 1865 Toshkand, 25 mayi hamin sol Huchand va 18 – umi oktyabri soli 1866 CHizakhro zabt namudand, ki amiri Bukhoro Muzaffar az on cho gurekht. Soli 1868 boshad bayni Rossiyayu khonigarii Quqand sulhnoma basta shud, ki muvofiqi on Quqand khudro tobei Rossiya donist.
Badtar quvvahoi rus tahti farmondehii Kaufman ba Samarqand dokhil shuda, 2 – yumi mayi soli 1868 onro ba dast darovardand. Kaufman yak dastai khudro dar in cho guzoshta, huchumashro bar ziddi amiri Bukhoro ba tarafi Zirabulloq davom dod. Dar in lahzaho dar Samarkand tahti rohbarii pisari amir Muzaffar Abdumalik shurish sar zad. Kaufman az sar zadanii shurishi umumi tarsida ba Samarqand bargashta shurishro pakhsh kard. Pas az in voqeaho qushunhoi rus Kataqurgonro Urgutro ishol namuda. Ba sui Bukhoro rahsipor gardidand.
23 iyuli soli 1868 bayni Rossiyai podshohi va Bukhoro sulh basta shud. Muvofiqi sharthoi sulkhnoma tamomi nohiyahoi az tarafi kushuni Rossiya ishol shuda – Huchand, Uroteppa, Panchakent, Samarqand, Qatakurgon to Zirabuloq ba ikhtiyori Rossiya guzashtand. Aknun vay bo davlathoi khorichi mustaqilona munosibat karda nametavonistand. Bukhoro ba khukumati podshokhi 500 hazor summ tovoni chn dod. Savdogaroni rus dar Bukhoro ozodona savdo mekardand va sokhtani dukonhoi savdo huquq paydo kardand. Hukumati amir vazifador bud, ki bekhatari va ozodona amal kardani namoyandagoni Rossiyaro tamin namoyand.
Bad az ba dast darovardani Bukhoro qushunhoi rus bar ziddi khonigarii Heva huchum karda, onro majbur kardand, ki 12 avgusti soli 1873 bo Rossiya sulh bandand.
Hukumati podshohi baroi idora kardani qismati isholshudai Osiyoi Miyona dar soli 1867 bo faro giriftani viloyathoi Sirdaryo va haftrud general – gubernatorii Turkistonro tasis namud. Dar sari on general – adyutant podshokhi K. P.Kaufman qaror girift. Vay haq dosht, ki bo davlathoi hamsoya muzokiroti diplomatii barpo namoyad, chang elon namoyad, sulh bandad va monandi inho.
Bad az bayn burdani istiqloliyati davlati khonii Kukand 19 fevrali soli 1876 khoki ba nomi viloyati Farona ba hayati kishvari Turkiston dokhil karda shud.
Amiri Bukhoro Muzaffar imkoniyathoi khudro az dast doda bud va dar chustuchu ba dast ovardani manfiathoi nav bud. Dar in lahza amir amaliyothoi changii khudro dar qismati chanubi sharqii Osiyoi Miyona davom medod. «Amir Muzaffar dar in nohiyaho quvvai ziyodi khudro cham namuda, dar okhiri soli 1866 avvali soli 1867 ba boysun va Dehnav hujum kard. Dar muqobili u dastahoi ikhtiyorii mulkhoi mahali nimmustaqil bo sardorii beki Hissor qaror girifta budand.» To istilo shudanashon bekigarihoi Bukhoroi SHarqi khudro mulkhoi mustaqil va nimmustaqili feodali medonistand.
Hukumati podshohii Rossiya khost ba amiri Bukhoro ba tarzi chubron baroi qismati viloyathoi az dast dodaash dar istilo namudani bekigarihoi bukhoroi SHarqi az jumla nohiyahoi CHanubu SHarqi va markazii Tochiiston yori rasond.
Az tiramohi soli 1868 sar karda amir lashkari yakkachini khudro ba nohiyakhoi CHanubu SHarqii Tochikiston (Bukhoroi SHarki) firistod. CHanghoi avvalin dar atrofii bekigarii Baysun ba vuchud omadand. Bad az zadukhurdi naonqadar kalon beki Baysun gurekhta, bekigari ba dasti odamoni amir aftod. Dar in vaqt feodaloni qismati CHanubu sharqii Tochikiston bo sardorii beki Hissor SHodmon, beki Dehnav Abdulkarim – dodho va bo yorii beki Kulobu Balchuvon Sarikhon kuvvahoi khudro dar atrofii Hissor mutammarkaz namudand. Tabaqai khukmroni nokhihoi chanubu sharkii Tochikiston khostand harakati kushuni amiri Bukhororo ba markazi hokimiyatihoi khud roh nadihand.
Dar avval in bekho maqsadi tashkil kardani dastahoi makhsuse budand, ki az pisari amir Muzaffar Abdul – Malik, ki ziddi amali padri khud yane ba asiri iftikhorii Rossiya tabdil dodani amorat bud. Az sababi on, ki khukumati podshokhi az bakoi amorat va dar sari on istodani amir Muzaffar manfiatdor bud, khokhish muzaffar dar borai ba u yori rasonidan bechunu charo ichro namud. Bo rozigii general – gubernatorii Turkiston sardori okrugi harbii Zarafshon general Abramov bo kushuni khud ba Bukhoro omada ba amir yorii khudro rasond. Hamin tariq Abdul – Malik shikast khurda firor namud.
Amir pisari duyumi khudro Abdul – Malik turaro beki Qarshi tain namuda tamomi kushunhoi khudro ba in cho ovard, ki sardori onro YAkubbek – kushubeki ba ukhda dosht.
Zadukhurdho dar atrofii bekigarii Hissor sar shud. Tupkhonahoi khurdu taraf ham zaif bud. Hissoriho hamagi 4 tup doshtand, ki 2 chuyani va 2 misi budand. Dar onho aslihahoi otashfishon ba miqdori lozimi nabud. Binobar in dastaho aksar vakt ba changi tan ba tan meguzashtand. Kushuni Bukhoro dar natichai harbu zarba sakht, khususan dar mavqei Amoksoy khisorihoro akib nishonda, dar qalai Dekhnav ba muhosira girift. Sipas shabokhun zada kalaro ishol namudand. Sarbozoni amir ba qatli ommai dashtangez shuru karda, har kasi ba dastonash aftodaro nobud sokhtand.
Ba chande az Hissorikho va ittifokchiyoni onho muyassar gardid, ki ba tarafi Qarotegin, Darvoz va Kulob gurekhta, chon ba salomat barand. Az on chumla beki Hissor Abdulkarimdodkhoh ba Kulob panoh burd. Ammo beki on cho Sarakhoni siyosatmador uro bo chand nafari digar dastgir namud, ba amir suporid. Sarakhon niyat dosht, ki ba in vasila tavvachi hukumati podshohiro ba khud jalb mekunad va beki Kulobro dar dasti khud doronad.
Vale harakati sarbozoni amir ba tarafi SHarq hamono davom mekard. Beki navi Dehnav Ulugbek ba kumaki u shitoft. Onho yakchoya dar avali soli 1869 aholii mahaliro baroi mukovimat namudan dar muqobili kushunhoi amiri Bukhoro davat kardand. Azbaski Sarikhon dar bayni mardum shiori mashhuri muboriza ziddi andozhoi chori kardai amir vach mekard ba zeri bayraqi u boz safi ikhtiyoroni sershumor cham omadand.
Amiri Bukhoro va nazdikonu sipohiyonashon ba nabardhoi nav dakiqona va bo tamomi kuvva tayyor medidand, az chumla bo sardorii YAkubbek kushuni makhsus tashkil doda shud. YAkubbek dastahoi amalan naozmudaro va silohi durust nadoshtani SHerobodro, ki Ostonakulbi sardori mekard akib girifta, az Surkhandaryo guzasht. Tamomi sarzamini Hissorro ba kharobazor tabdil doda, sipas rohi Balchuvonu Kulobro pesh girift. Har yak hamlai sarbozoni Bukhoro ba oratu shahru dehot va katli mardumi begunoh tamom meshud.
Dar yak khudi Hissor 5 hazor kass ba qatl rasonida shud.
Amaldorone, ki az tarafi amir Muzaffar dar vazifahoi baland dar in mintaqaho ba sari mansab meomadand bo zulmu istibdod dar bayni mardumi tukhmi kinavu adovatro mekoshtand. Dar mintaqahoe, ki amorat onhoro zabt karda bud, ki dar bayni uzbekon sari har chand vakt norozigiho ba vuchud meomadand. Dar bayni mardumi Balchuvon, Kulob va Kurgonteppa Sarikhon, ki ba Afgoniston firor karda bud, shuhrati kalonero sohib gardida bud. Vay baroi ba sari hokimiyat bargashtanash va pesh kardani bukhoriyon az Kulobu Balchuvon lahzahoi musoidro daryoftani meshud.
Ziyoda az2 hazor oshubgaron kalai Baljuvonro muhosira namudand. Abdulkarim tarsida ba Hissor gurekhtu Oshubgaron kalai bekro girifta dokhili on gardidand. Molu mulki bekro va amaldoronro musodira namudand. «Abdulkarim az beki Kulobu Hissor ba vositai maktub yori pursid, to in ki dar pakhshi in oshub ba vay yori rasond. Beki kulobu Hissor ba vay yak guruh firistodand va dar pakhshi in shurish ba Abdulkarim musoidat namudand. Badi zadukhurdho yak kismi ishtirokkunandagoni shurish ba tarafi Darvoz, ki tobei hej khonigariyu amorat nabudand, gurekhtand. Kuiunhoi Hisoru Kulob yak qismi shurishgaronro dastgir namuda ba qatl rasonidand. Bad az in Abdulkarim ba Baljuvon bargasht.
Sarbozoni amir kasero amon nadoda, hatto aholii shahru kishlokhoi muqobilat nakardaro ham nestu nobud mekardand. Az mulkhoi istilo shuda, bo nomi “amonpuli” khiroj ham mesitondand. mablagi az had ziyode, ki ba in roh ba dast omada bud, baroi afzudani sarvati sarkardahoi feodalii Bukhoro sarf gardida, qismi ziyodi on ba amir firistoda shud.
Bad az zadukhurdho, bakhori soli 1869 bekigarihoi Hisoru Kulob va vodi Vakhsh az tarafi qushuni amiri Bukhoro bo sardorii YAkubbek kushbegi shikast khurdand, ki dar in kor sahmi hukumati podshohii rus niz bud. Dar okhiri soli 1869 amorati Bukhoro mavqei khudro dar kismati bekigarihoi hamvor- Hisor, Kulobu Baljuvon mustahkam namud.
Habari zabt namudani nohiyahoi janubu sharkii Tojikiston az tarafi amiri Bukhoro ba Heva rasid. Dar mohi yanvari soli 1870 safiri Bukhoro ba Heva omad.
Dar ayni hol amorati Bukhoro amaliyoti istilohkoronai khudro dar kismati janubu sharqii Osiyoi Miyona idoma medod. Aknun navbati zarba zadan ba Darvozu Qarotegin rasida bud. In mulkho dar in vakt tahti nufuzi davlati khonii Quqand voqe gardida budand.
“Rahimsho az zadukhurdho dokhili istifoda burda, hokimiyati Qaroteginro ba dast girift va bo niyati ustuvor gardonidani mavqei khud bo amir choplusi karda hargoh tobeiyati khudro ba amorati Bukhoro etirof menamud”.
In holat boisi ba vuchud omadani boz yak ikhtilofi bayni Bukhorovu Quqand gardid. Harchand khukumati on vaqtai Kuqand Hudoyorkhonro amiri Bukhoro Muzaffarkhon ba takht nishonda bud, munosibati in du davlati Osiyoi Miyona besh az pesh tezutund shuda, oshkoro rangi dushmanonona megirift. Dar sarhadi Qarotegin zadukhurdhoi sakht ba amal omada dar onho quvvahoi askarii amorati Bukhoro va davlati khonii Quqand ishtirok namudand. Bo vuchudi in vaziyat nazar ba 10-15 solipesh az in yak andoza digar gardida bud. Peshtar changhoi bayni Bukhoroyu Quqand solhoi daroz davom mekard. Ammo holo dar solhoi 60-um va ibtidoi soli 70-umi asri XIX dar Osiyoi Miyona Rossiyai podshokhii sokhibikhtiyor gardida, Bukhorovu Kuqand ba valladi on tabdil yofta budand. Har yak changu chidolu bayni amorat va davlati khoni ba etibori imperiyai Rossiya zarar merasonid. Ilova bar in, doirahoi hukumronii Peterbarg va Toshkent, ki Turkistonro ba takhti nazorat va tasarrufi khud darovarda budand, ba inkishofi robitahoi tichorativu iktisodii bayni viloyathoi khonii in sarzamin az rui manfiatdorii khud tavachuh zokhir menamudand. Ba in vajh vaqti, ki dar avvali soli 1870 dar Qarotegin miyoni sarbozoni Bukhorovu Kuqand zadukhurd ba amal omad, general-gubernatori Turkiston Kaufman machbur shud ba amir murochiat namoyad va uro ogoh kunad, ki az changi ziddi davlati khonii Quqand dast kashad.
Soli 1875 khoni Quqand bo farmoni general-gubernatori Turkiston az Qarotegin dast kashid.
Vaziyat yak muddat ba oromi ru ovard. Hokimi Qarotegin Said Muhammaddinsho harakat mekard, ki istiqloliyati mulki khudro tamin namoyad, vale in mayli u mavridi pisandi mamuriyati Turkiston qaror nagirift.
Hukumati podshokhi bo maqsadi mustakhkm kardani mavqei khud dar mahalhoi rohi Pomir va az jihati manaviyu siyosi rasonidan ba vodii Olay ekspedisiya firistod. Dar okhiri iyul va avgusti soli 1876 general Skobelev, ki nakhustin gubernatori harbi Farona tain shuda bud, dar sari yak dastai kalon, ki ba hayati on gayr az harbiyon, donishmandoni chugrofiya, tabiatshinosi va nujum (L.F.Kostenko, V.F.Oshanin, A.R.Bonidorov va gayrakho ) dokhil meshudand ba samti kukhdomanhoi Pomir rahsipor gardidand.
In ekspeditsiya meboist takid mekard, ki khukumati podshokhi idomadihandai haki khonii Quqand ba nokhihoi kuhistoni Pomir meboshad. Gayr az in vay ba hokimi nimmustakili mulki feodali Qarotegin Said Muhammaddinsho boyad khotirnishon menamud, ki qalamravii u baroi askaroni Rossiya komilan dastras ast. Dere naguzashta Said Muhammaddinsho baroi “gardankashiash” az hokimiyat makhrum gardid va ba choi u Rakhimsho, ki to in vakt dar Bukhoro mezist va khukumati podshokhi ba sadoqatash bovari dosht, guzoshta shud.
Dar nimai duvvumi solhoi 70-um amiri Bukhoro ba tarafi Qarotegin kushunhoi khudro firistod. Badi muvaffakiyathoe, ki dar natijai pokhodkhoi Dekhnav, Hissor, Kulob kushuni amir Muzaffar ba dast ovard mamnun gardida, tiramohi soli 1877 tahti sarvarii Hudoynazar- dodkhoh ba tarafi Qarotegin khujum ovard. Dar naticha khudi hamin sol ( 1877 ) Qaroteginro purra tobei khud
gardonidand. Rahimkhon bo fireb dar Bukhoro kushta shud, ba choi vay Hudonazar atolik beki Qarotegin meshavad.
Hamin tariq Qaroteginro ba katori mulkhoi khud dokhil namuda amir baroi ba dast ovardani yake az bekigarihoe, ki to hol khudro mustakil meshumorid, yane Darvoz hujum kardani shud. Agar mulkhoi dushvorrasi garbi kukhistoni Pomirro nazar nagirem Darvoz okhirin mulki sokhili rosti daryoi Panch, ba shumor muraft.
Bo suporishi general-gubernatori Turkiston ba quvvahoi charbi ravona sokht, vale khayoli ba tezi zabt kardani Darvoz khom baromad.
Vale in khiyonat irodai mardumi Darvozro shikasta natavonist. Onho ba muqobili istilogaron mardonavor changida, avval yak dastai nachandon kaloni bukhorigihoro, bad qushuni yakunimhazoraro, ki bo tup musallah buda, bo sardorii Hudoynazar dodkhoh ba sui onho harakat mukard, torumor namudand. Dar in Hudoynazar dodkhoh va chande az sarkardahoi u yarador shudand. Qismi ziyodi askaroni ba in samt firistodai amir nobud gardidand.
Muqovimati qahramononai mardumi vatanparvarii Darvoz hamai nohiyahoi az tarafi amorati Bukhoro istilo shudai chanubu sharqii Osiyoi Miyonaro ba chunbish ovard. Amir Muzaffar bo maqsadi peshgiri namudani shurishhoi umumi favran dar ibtidoi soli 1878 ba in mahalho quvvai ziyodi askari firistod, hatto khudi amir niyati shakhsan ba on sardori kardanro dosht. In quvvai askari dar navohihoi Kulob, Balchuvon va Qarotegin choy girift, yak dastai sershumor ba qalai Garm niz guzoshta shud, to ki bo rasidani bahoron va az barf toza shudani agbaho ba Darvoz hamla namoyad.
Baroi istilo namudani Darvoz az amorat bo sardorii Mullodavlatdodkhoh quvvai ziyodi harbi firistoda shud, ki on ba quvvahoi Hudoynazar-dodkhoh muttahid karda shud. Bahori soli 1879 huchum ba Darvoz sar shud.
Hudoynazar-dodkhoh az rui naqsha amal namuda, mudofiakunoni Darvozro ba aqibnishini machbur sokht va qalai khele mustahkam Kaftarkhonaro ba muhosira girift. Bukhoriho dar changhoi sakht talafoti ziyode doda, nihoyat Kaftarkhonaro ishgol namudand va pas az on ba kariyai asosi Darvoz Qalai-khumb va vodii Vanch, ravona shuda, on choyhoro ham zabt namudand. Muqobiliyati darvozihorro barham zada mirigarii Darvozro shikast doda, muborizai
asoratnopisandonai mardumi in diyor bo hamin qat nagardid. Ba sarlashkaron va sarbozoni amir baroi furu nishondani muqovimati sokinoni baze mahallahoi Darvoz boz ba kharch, dodani chahdu kushishhoi pur az zahmatu ranch, lozim omad.
Ba Hudoynazar-dodkhoh muyassar nagardid, ki rohbaroni muqovimati voqeahoi Darvoz-pisaron va barodaroni Sirochiddinro dastgir namoyad. Onho bo hamrohii nazdikonashon, ki qarib 100 nafarro tashkil medodand, ba vositahoi SHnon ba vodii Fargona ba Uch-Kuron gurekhtand.
Ba hamai in nigoh nakarda aholii vodii Vanch, ba muqobili istilogaron bebokona muboriza meburdand. Onho dar qalai dastnorasi Roshorv ba kamin nishasta, ba dushman zarbahoi sakht merasonidand. Faqat pas az on, ki ozuqa va muhimoti qalanishinon ba okhir rasid va hamchunin sarkardahoi feodali ba amir furukhta shuda ba taslim qaror dodand, Roshorv darvozai khudro ba bukhoriho boz kard. Aksari changovaroni muhofizitchiyon kuhiston ba taslim sar nafarovarda, bo rohhoi makhfi ba sohili chapi daryoi Panch, ba Afoniston guzashtand. Sarbozoni amir ham bo niyati dastgir kardani onho ba on sui daryo guzashta dar kanori chanubii on mavqe giriftand. Ba in sabab on mahalhoe, ki sarbozoni amir dar on sui daryo qaror girifta budand,”Darvozi pasi Panch,” nomida shud.
Hukumati amiri muqovimati Darvozihoro komilan bartaraf karda, zaminhoi onhoro ba qalamravi khud darovard va Rahmonbekqulro hokim tain kard. Tabiati ozodihoi va istiqloltalabi aholii mahaliro ba etibor girifta, dar ikhtiyori hokim dastai sershumori sarbozon, ki shumorai onho ba 1300-1500 merasid guzoshta shud.
In sarzamin ishgolkardai amorat, ki aknun nomi “Bukhoroi SHarqi”-ro girift. Dar davomi changhoi istilokorona chunon zarar did, ki to der goh ba khud omada natavonist.
CHunin manzarai husnangezro dar bisyor shahru dehaho didan mumkin bud. SHahru dehahoe, ki badi changu chidolhoi solim mondabudand va usuli falokatbori idorai khukumati feodalii amorati Bukhoro ba tanazzuli ru ovarda, hamrokhi sokinonashon kurboni hamlahoi kharobkoronai hokimoni kharisu vichdonfurush va torochgarihoi amlakdoronu chamkunandagoni khiroch, gardidand.
Badi istiloi nokhiyahoi CHanubu SHarqi va Markazii Tochikiston tamomi vazninii sokhti davlatdorii kukhni amorat ba dushi mardumi qashoqu kambagali kukhistoni Karotegin Darvoz aftid.
Hulosa, Bukhoroi SHarki az chihati omodagi ba muqovimat, vakhdat va tajkhizoti moddi hanuz ba darachai lozimi quvvat paydo nakarda budand. Feodalonu namoyandagoni tabaqai boloi boshad, misli odati hameshagii khud, baroi nigoh doshtani mavkuhoi imtiyoznokashon dar aynisakhtii muboriza ba tarafi istilogaron guzashta, ba kori umum khiyonat mekardand. Garazhoi sinfii onho nisbat ba ehsosoti milliyu vatandustiashon kavitar bud. Hukumatdoroni amir in zaifii bekhoro istifoda burda, onhoro ba tarafi khud moil sokhtand. Hamchunin tarafdori va dastgirie, ki amorati Bukhoro az imperiyai Rossiya medid dar barori istilokorihoi on az ahamiyat kholi nabud.