Luqmoni Hakim

«Sukhan az dahoni Luqmon khush ast».

(Az khalq,)

Dar ofaridahoi khalq, sarchashmahoi ilmiyu tarikhi va adabi simoi nomvaroni tarikhi, voqei va khayoli duchor meoyand, ki eshon bo amali khayr yo sharr shuhrat yofta, to ruzgori muosir rasidaand.

CHunonchi, Nushervoni Odil, Buzurgmehr Namrud, SHaddod, YAqub, YUsuf, Nuh, Iskandar, Korun, Hotami Toy va amsoli inho. Dar zimni qiyofaho qissahoi khayolii az tasviroti irfoni bo obu rangi badei niz kholi nest. Simoi onho vobastai sharoitu talabi davru zamonho manidod shudaand.

YAke az chunin ashkhosi dar adabiyoti khattiyu shifohii jomea mashhur Luqmoni Hakim buda, ki shakhsiyatash to hanuz norushan mondaast. Dar ejodi khalq hikoyotu rivoyoti beshumor ba Luqmoni Hakim mansub donista shudaand. Uro tabibi hoziq, nosehu khiradmand menomand.

Doktori ilmi tib YU. Nuraliev, nomzadhoi ilmi filologiya A. Devonakulov va A. Bogbon az shakhsiyati tarikhii Luqmoni Hakim bo maqolai ilmii hamkorona darak doda budand.^[1]

Mardum roje ba shakhsiyati tarikhii Luqmoni Hakim – fardi qabl az melod, tasavvuroti aniqu ravshan nadoshta, Abuali ibni Sino va hamchunin, baze faylasufoni YUnoni qadimro ba Luqmoni Hakim nisbat medihand.

Aliakbari Dehkhudo az shakhsiyati tarikhii Luqmoni Hakim va shonzdah, nafar Luqmoni digar, ki har yake olim, shoir, hakim, jomeashinos budaand, az sarchashmahoi ilmiyu adabi va tarikhi hujjatu dalelhoi guvohidihanda jam va shakhsi tarikhi budani Luqmoni Hakimro oshkor namudaast.^[2]

Simoi Luqmoni Hakim hamchun shakhs dar osori ilmiyu tarikhi va adabiyu guftorhoi khalqii Arabu Ajam intishor yofta, qabl az melod to in zamon vorid gardidaast. Alalkhusus, Aliakbari Dehkhudo dar asari mashhurash «Lugatnoma» ovarda: «Luqmon – nomi mardi hakim, ki bino ba rivoyati islomi aslash «habashi» buda, dar ruzgori Dovud paygambar mezistaast va dar «Quron» zikri vay omadaast». Habashi budani Luqmonro Sadi farmudaast:

SHunidam, ki Luqmon siyahfom bud,

Na tanparvaru nozukandom bud.

Ba zammi in Aliakbari Dehkhudo dar zimni malumot oid ba Luqmon az osori buzurgoni adabiyot guftahoi nazmiyu nasri ovardaast:

Kujost Osaf bini Barkhiyovu ku Luqmon?

Kujost Hoja Abuzarchamehri nekakhtar?

Nosiri Husrav

Oyad ba dilam, k-az Hudo emin ast,

Bar hikmati Luqmonu mulkati Jam.

Nosiri Husrav

Az kavlu fel zinu ligomash niham,

Afsori u zi hikmati Luqmon kunam.

Nosiri Husrav

Mulki imomat sue gusist, ki urost,

Mulki Sulaymonu ilmu hiqmati Luqmon.

Nosiri Husrav

Ey, bor khudoy, hama zurriyati¹ odam,

Bo mulki Sulaymonivu bo khikmati Luqmon.

Nosiri Husrav

Ey hujjati ilmu khikmati Luqmon,

Bigzor ba lafzi khub khisony^{[3] [4]}.

Nosiri Husrav

Agar az khonavu az akl chudo mondam,

CHuft gashtastam bo khikmati Luqmoni.

Nosiri Husrav

Nakunam bovary, k-akhkomi Huroson in ast,

Garchi sad Hurmuzu Luqmon ba Huroson binam.

Hoqoni

Vohidi Idrisi olam buvad Luqmoni jahon, ammo,

CHu marg omad, chi sudash dosht idrisivu luqmony.

Hoqony

Luqmonro guftand:

• Adab az ky omukhti?

Guft:

• Az beadabon: har chi az eshon dar nazaram nopisand omad, az on parhez kardam.

Sadii SHerozi

Luqmonro guftand:

• Hikmat az ky omukhti?

Guft:

• Az nobinoyon, ki to joero nabinand, naparvosand,^[5] kadam nanihand.

Sadii SHerozy

Luqmoni Hakim andar on kofila bud, yake az on korvoniyon guft:

• Magar inonro nasihate kuni…?

Guft:

• Dareg boshad kalimai hikmat bo eshon guftan.

Sadii SHerozi

Bahri luqma gasht, luqmoni gar u?

Vaqti luqmonist, ey luqma bar u.

Mavlavi

V-az qattomi¹ luqma luqmony shavad, Tolibi ishkori^{[6] [7]} pinhony shavad.

Mavlavy

Dar «Habib-us-siyar» oid ba shakhsiyati Luqmoni Hakim hikoyati irfoni ovarda shudaast.

Sokhibi «Majma-ut-tavorikh va-l-qisas» oid ba Luqmon chunin malumot meovarad:

«CHun duvozdah sol az mamlakati Dovud biraft, Hudoi taolo Luqmonro hikmat dod va sy sol bo Dovud bud. Ruze dar peshi u raft. Dovud zireh hamekard ba dasti khesh va ohan Dovudro chun mum narm bud. Luqmon donist, ki chy mekunad va on chist? Va az hikmat vojib nadid sukhan pursidan va khomush bud, to tamom kardu dar Luqmon pushid, to bubinad.

Luqmon guft:

«Hozo jayidun lil harby».^[8] Va in sukhan Luqmon on vaqt guft, ki yane khomushy hikmatest va kamtar ba kor dorand.

Mavlavy dar «Masnavy» hamin hikoyatro bo nazm ovardavu gufta:

Raft Luqmon sui Dovud az safo,

Did, k-u mekard z-ohan halqaho…

Ba in mani ishorai Sadi:

CHu Luqmon did, k-andar dasti Dovud,

Hame ohan ba mujiz mum gardad.

Napursidash: CHi mesozi? CHu donist,

Ki be pursidanash malum gardad.

Nosiri Husrav guyad:

Suyi uy oi, agar nadidasti

Mulki Dovudu hikmati Luqmon.

«…Muhammad Muin (muallifi «Farhangi forsi») menavisad:

«Dovud – podshohi Isroil (hududi solhoi 1010-970- umi qabl az melod) jonishini SHoul shud va bar falastiniyon galaba va Baytulmukaddasro tasis kard». In malumoti Muhammad Muin dalolat mekunad bar on, ki zamoni zindagii Luqmoni Hakim ba solhoi hazorumi pesh az solshumorii mo rost meoyad…»^[9]

Hamdullokhi Mustavfi dar «Tarikhi guzida» guyad:

«Luqmon alaykhissalom ba kavli baze muarrikhon amzodai Ibrohimi Halil ast va ba kavle gulomi siyoh (habashi) va baze uro paygambar shumorand. Nomi u sarehan dar «Kuron» omadaast, ammo ba hikmat mansub ast. Idomai guftor bo hikoyati az voqeiyat dur tasvir yofta, dar zer barkhe az hikmathoi Luqmon bo nasr namuna ovarda shudaast, ki ba in mani Rashidi Vatvot ishora farmudaast:

Turo dar nazm lubathoi Ozar,

Turo dar nasr hikmathoi Luqmon.

Muallifi «Tarikhi guzida» guftori Luqmonro meorad: «…chahorsad hazor kalima dar hikmat cham kardam va jahor az on barguzidam, du biboyad donist va yod dosht va du faromush boyad kard: badi, ki mardum ba tu kunand va nei ki tu ba mardum kuni, faromush boyad kard, Haq va margro yod boyad dosht.

Ahmaq agarchi sohibjamol boshad, bo u suhbat naboyad dosht, ki shamsher chi khubrukhsor ast, zishtkirdor ast.

Suhbati olim murdai johilro zinda gardonad, chunon ki boron zamini pajmurdaro.

Hama bore kashidam, garontar az qarzu dayn¹ nadidam va hama lazzate chashidam, khushtar az ofiyat nadidam. Va ziyonkortar aybe – aybi khud nadidan ast.

Dono chun charog ast, Har ki bar u bigzarad, az u nur bargirad.

Har kiro guftoru kirdor muvofiq naboshad, aqli vay uro nakuhish kunad.

Har ki savole kunad, ki sazovori on naboshad, yo behangom buvad, yo az laime chize khohad, ba murod narasad.

Hushkhui kheshi begonagon boshad va badguy begonai kheshon.

Az u pursidand:

• CHist, ki foidai on hamaro rasad?

Guft:

• Nestii badon.

Dar «Tarikh-ul-hukamo» niz az shakhsiyati Luqmoni Hakim ishora raftaast.

«Luqmoni Hakim marde bud siyohchehra va az ahli habasha. Dar zamoni tufuliyat ba domi raqqiyat^{[10] [11]} mubtalo shuda va ba qaydi asorat giriftor gardida…»

CHy many dorad in holat, ki gufty:

Zinda shud YUnus,

CHy hikmat boshad in many, ki gufty:

Banda shud Luqmon.

Nosiri Husrav

«Mavloi¹ u shakhse bud az toifai bani Isroil va maruf ba suyi akhloqu harakoti nohinjor. Golibi avqot bo u sakhti kardi va ba korhoi sab^{[12] [13]} amr farmudi. Luqmon tahammuli bori garon kardy va ba akhloqi zishtu haraqoti noshoist u tan dardody…»

Dehkhudo dar zimni in malumot hikoyati ajibe ovarda. Az ruyi in aqlu khirad Luqmon az bandagi ozod gardida, chunonchi, Nosiri Hisrav gufta:

Obod ba aql gasht gardun,

V-ozod ba aql gasht Luqmon.

Aliakbari Dekhkhudo ovardaast:

ALHIKOYAT

YAk ruz chame az ashobi hazrati Dovud nazdi u budand va az kalimotu aqvoli^[14] hazratash istifoda meburdand. Sukhan har chize dar miyon bud va hamagon sukhan guftand. CHu Luqmon, ki suqut ikhtiyor karda bud.

Dovud guft:

• Ey Luqmon, charo chize nameiy va bo digaron dar sukhan guftan anboz^[15] nashavi?

Luqmon guft:

• Hayre nest dar sukut, magar tafakkur dar amri maod.¹ Mardi bodiyonat chun taammul kunad, sakinavu² viqor^{[16] [17] [18]} bar u mustavly^[19] shavad… Va chun qanoat varzad, az mardum beniyoz gardad. Va chun rozy shavad, ba rizoi Haq ekhtimomash^[20] ba umuri^[21] dunyo sust gardad. Har ki az khud muhabbati dunyo khal^[22] kard, az ofatu shar najot yoft. CHun tarki shahvat kard, dar idodi^[23] mardumoni ozod daromad. Va chun tanhoy ikhtiyor kard, az huznu^[24] andukh, mahfuz monad. Va chun hasad az khud dur sokht, muhabbati mardum dar borai khud biyafzud va chun erozi^{[25] [26]} umuri fony kard, aqli u biyafzud. Va chun basir¹¹ ba oqibat shavad, az pushaymony emin shavad…

Dovud farmud:

• Tasdiqi sukhani tu kunam, ey Luqmon!

Ruze Dovud ba Luqmon guft:

• Aknun, ki pir shuday, az aqli tu chy miqdor boqist?

(Luqmon) guft:

• On qadr, ki nigoh namekunam, dar chize, ki kofy nest ba holi man va takalluf^[27] namesozam dar tahsili on chize, ki mukhtoj ba on nestam.

Luqmon sokhibi mavoizi hasana va andarzhoi hakimona ast va dar golib mavridi mukhotabi vay pisari ust.

Hiradro ba imonu khikmat biparvar, Ki farzandi khudro chunin guft Luqmon.

Nosiri Husrav

Az on noseh dar …kutubi «Akhbor va sayri mastur» mazkur ast va az on jumla farmud:

• Ey pisaraki man, mulzamsabr bosh dar sakhti. va muchohada¹ kun ba havoi nafs va bidon, ki sharofatu shafkat va zuvd sabr ast…

Ba in mani:

Ganchi sabr ikhtiyori Luqmon ast,

Har kiro sabr nest, khikmat nest.

Sadi

• Ey pisaraki man, bar tu bod iqbol, ba amoli khayru ichtinob az amoli shar. CHi amali khayr khomushkunandai shar ast. On kas, ki guyad, shar boisi khomushii shar ast, durug gufta, zero ki agar otashe pakhlui otashi digare biyafruzand, bar ishtioli^{[28] [29]} on afzuda shavad. Pas on chi sharro khomush kunad, amoli khayr ast, hamon guna ki khomushkunandai otash ob ast…

Bar musibotu nomuloimotii dunyo sabr pesha kun va az muhosabai^[30] nafs gaflat mavarz. Qabl az on ki hisobi turo bikshoyand, rokhi khato az savob bishnos, to az lagzish masun^[31] moni.

• Ey pisaraki man, talab kun khikmatro, mutavachchekh.^[32] soz nafsi khudro ba suyi on har zamon, ki chomei khikmat shavi, chashmi basirati tu ravshani girad, akhloki tu neku shavad. Va bidon, ki khikmat biduni tadbir va tafakkur ba manzalai matoest, ki dar dasti khozini^[33] u naboshad va yo gusfande, ki dar marbizi^[34] khud dokhil nagardad. Va dar in hol har soat dar mahalli ofat ast va dar marazi¹ halokat.

Bidon, ki izhorkunandai hikmat zabon ast. To metavoni, onro hifz kun, zero har goh fosid gardad, zaboni tu taboh shavad… Pas, har ki moliki zaboni khesh gasht, mavkei sukhan guftan donad va dar huzuri noahl takallum^{[35] [36]} nakunad. Va agar safehe^[37] az u talabi hikmat kunad, sukut ikhtiyor kunad. Pas zabon kalidi khayr va shar ast. Va sukhan magu, magar dar kori khayr hamchunon ki muhr bar ganjinai tillovu nukrai khud mezani. Husho, ba holi on ki ba dunyo magrur nagardid va firebi on nakhurd…

Akl biduni adab chun darakhti bebor ast va akl makrun^[38] ba adab hamchun darakhti mevador…

***

Vafot va qabri Luqmon. Olimi mashhuri asri VIII Ibrohimi Adhami Balkhi oid ba favt va oromgohi Luqmoni Hakim guftaast:

«Qabri Luqmon miyoni masjidi Ramalloh^[39] va bozori imruz ast. Ilova bar kabri Luqmon kuburi haftod nafar az anbiyoi^[40] uzzom,^[41] ki bad az Luqmon vafot kardaand, on jost. CHihati on ki bani Isroil anbiyoro az nazdi khud ikhroj^[42] va davri Ramalloh mahsur^[43] kardand va dar on jo budand, to hamagi az gurusnagi halok shudand».

Dar «Kanz-ul-hikmat» – tarchumai «Nuzhat-ul-arvoh» oid ba favti Luqmoni Hakim khikoyate ovarda shudaast, ki az shakhsiyati u shahodat medihad:

«Ovardaand, ki ruze Luqmon bo pisari khesh dar arsh nishasta bud, hamin ki osori marg bar u zohir shud, ba girya ogozid.

Pisar guft:

• Ey padar, giryai tu az khavfi marg ast, yo hirsi dunyo?

Guft:

• Hech kadom. Giryai man baroi on ast, ki peshi khud biyoboni havlnoku aqiboti¹ tuloni va bori garon mebinam. Bo nadoshtani zodu^{[44] [45]} rohila^[46] va nadonam, ki in bori garon az dusham bardorand, yo bo on ba suyi jahannam rahsipor gardam».

Az Luqmoni Hakim risolae dar hikmat va tib boqi mondaast.

SAD PANDI LUQMONI HAKIM BAR FARZANDI ARJMAND

^[1] Ruznomai «Maorif va madaniyat», 9-umi fevrali soli 1978.

^[2] Aliakbari Dehkhudo, «Lugatnoma», XXI, Tehron 1334 khurshedi, sah. 254 – 260 (Kitobkhonai millii ba nomi Firdavsi, tahti № 7647).

^[3] Zurriyat – nasl, avlod.

^[4] Hisony – zebo.

^[5] Parvosidan – dast-dast kardan.

^[6] Kattom – tezii shahvat, sernafs,

^[7] Ishkor – shakli digari shikor.

^[8] Hozo chayidun lil harby – in chiz baroi chang khub ast.

^[9] Ruznomai «Maorif va madaniyat», 9-umi fevrali soli 1978.

^[10] Dayn – qarzi bomuhlat.

^[11] Raqqiyat – gulomi, bandagy.

^[12] Mavlo – khuchain, sohib.

^[13] Sab – dushvor, mushkil.

^[14] Akvol – chami kavl.

^[15] Anboz – sharik, hamroh.

^[16] Maod – bozgasht, machozan okhirat.

^[17] Sakina – osudagy.

^[18] Viqor – raftoru kirdor.

^[19] Mustavli – golib.

^[20] Ehtimom – himmat, gamkhory.

^[21] Umur – amr.

^[22] Hal – dur kardan

^[23] Idod – dar shumori… dar qatori…

^[24] Huzn – gam, gussa.

^[25] Eroz – hazar, etiroz.

^[26] Basir – khabardor, ogoh

^[27] Takalluf – kushish, zahmat

^[28] Muchohada – chang, muboriza.

^[29] Ishtiol – shula.

^[30] Muhosaba – hisob.

^[31] Masun – emin, amon

^[32] Mutavachcheh – ravon.

^[33] Hozin – khazinador.

^[34] Marbiz – choy, makon.

^[35] Maraz – duchor.

^[36] Takallum – sukhandon, gapzany.

^[37] Safeh – ahmak, ablah, nodon.

^[38] Makrun – payvasta.

^[39] Ramla – nomi nohiyae dar Falastin.

^[40] Anbiyo – paygambaron.

^[41] Uzzom – buzurg.

^[42] Ikhroch – khorich, dur va berun.

^[43] Mahsur – ihota.

^[44] Akibot – dushvorguzar.

^[45] Zod – tushai roh.

^[46] Rohila – markab, savory.