Toj.su
Har yak inson hamchun subekti
munosibathoi ijtimoi dar tuli
hayot vobasta ba khususiyathoi khosi
muhiti zisti khud psikhologiya va raftori ba khud khosro do-
ro meshavad. U dar in davom bo atrofiyon dar robita
shuda, bo hamin mohiyati ijtimoii khudro nishon medihad.
Har guna jamiyat doroi sokhti murakkabi ijtimoi buda,
az guruhhoi beshumoru gunoguni ijtimoii odamon iborat
ast. Odamon vobasta ba nishonayu alomathoi gunoguni
ijtimoi ba guruhhoi zerin taqsim meshavand: kasbu kor,
sinnu sol, jinsiyat, mansubiyati ijtimoi, iqtisodi, siyosi
va gayra. Odamon bo gunogunii khususiyathoi psikhologi va
ijtimoii khud shomili guruhhoi gunoguni ijtimoi megar-
dand. Mahz az hamin nuqtai nazar omuzishi guruhhoi
ijtimoi na tanho diqqati sotsiologho, balki tavajjuhi
psikhologonro niz ba khud jalb namudaast.
Guruh-in umumiyati odamon buda, dar asosi alo-
mathoi muayyan chun qarobat va amiqii munosibatho, mu-
nosibati shakhs ba meyorhoi guruh, mansubiyathoi ijtimoi
yo sinfi, sokht, darajai taraqqiyot, sharti tashkilyobi va
gayra tavsif doda meshavad.
Az bayni guruhhoi ziyodi dar jamiyat mavjudbuda
guruhhoi khurd va kalonro farq kardan mumkin ast.
Guruhhoi kalon gufta, guruhhoero menomand, ki namo-
yandagoni onho dar miqyosi tamomi jomea az rui umumiyati
rasmiyu gayrirasmi koru faoliyat menamoyand. Azoyoni
guruhhoi kalon metavonand vobasta ba nishonayu alo-
mathoi gunoguni ijtimoiyu-omori az hamdigar farq ku-
nand. Odamoni ba guruhhoi kalon shomilbuda metavonand
bo hamdigar shakhsan shinos naboshand, vale onho na tanho
az rui alomathoi ijtimoi, balki az rui umumiyati
meyorho (shavqu havas, maylu ragbat, raftor, psikhologiya,
madaniyat, rasmu oinho va afkori jamiyati) az hamdigar
farq mekunand. Masalan, shavqu havas, maylu ragbat, psi-
khologiya va raftori javonon az shavqu havas, maylu
ragbat, psikhologiya va raftori kuhansolon farq mekunad;
shavqu havas, psikhologiya va raftori tabaqahoi boloii
jamiyat – sohibdavlaton az shavqu havas, psikhologiya va
raftori namoyandagoni tabaqahoi poyonii jamiyat niz
farq mekunad.
Guruhhoi kaloni ijtimoi ba odamon tasiri mua-
yyan merasonand, vale dar muqoisa bo tasiri guruhhoi
digar, on nisbatan sust buda, yakzayl nest(hamon yak guruhi
kaloni ijtimoi ba odamoni gunogun tasiri harkhela ra-
sonida metavonad). Sabab on ast, ki avvalan khudi in
guruhho yaklukhtu tom nestand va onho az mikroguruhhoi
gunogun tarkib yoftaand. Soniyan, tasiri guruhhoi kalon
ba odamon na bevosita, balki bavosita, yane tavassuti
shakhsone surat megirad, ki bo odamoni mazkur robita do-
rand.
Hamin tariq, zaruriyati boz ham amiqtar va
hamajoniba omukhtani masalai on ki jamiyat ba shakhs chi
guna tasir merasonad, darki on ki shakhs chi tavr dar doi-
rai atrofiyon hamchun shakhsiyat tashakkul va taraqqi me-
yobad, masalai omuzishi sokhti guruhhoi khurdro ba miyon
meovarad.
Guruhi khurd – in ittihodi shumorai nachandon ziyodi
odamone (az 2-3 to 30-40 nafar) buda, hamdigarro shakhsan
meshinosand va bo hamdigar robitai bevositai doimii
shakhsi va kori dorand. Azoyoni guruhhoi khurd nazar ba
azoyoni guruhhoi kalon dida, umumiyati beshtari psikho-
logiyu raftori dorand. Azoyoni guruhhoi khurd az rui qo-
ida, maqsad, shavqu zavq va maylu ragbati dar faoliyati
onho zohirshavanda doroi arzish, nuqtai nazar va muno-
sibathoi umumi meboshand. Bayni onho munosibathoi gu-
noguni shakhsi, kori, rasmi, gayrirasmi, ratsionali,
emotsionali barqaror karda meshavand.
SHakhs muddati ziyodi umri khudro dar hayati
guruhhoi khurdi gunogun sipari menamoyad. Misoli
guruhhoi khurdi ijtimoi, ki dar taraqqiyoti onho qarib
hamai odamon sahm meguzorand, inhoyand: oila, guruhi
hamsolon, guruhhoi talimi, kollektivhoi khurdi
mehnati, qismhoi harbi, dastahoi varzishi, shumorai na-
chandon ziyodi odamoni shavqu havas va maylu ragbati umu-
midoshta va gayra.
Muvofiqi tadqiqothoi takhminii olimon, odam qa-
rib 90%-i umri khudro dar doirai azoyoni guruhhoi khurd
meguzaronad. Dar zaminai in andesha ba chunin khulosaho
omadan mumkin ast:
- odam – mavjudest, ki asosan tarzi hayoti guruhi yo
kollektiviro az sar meguzaronad; - tasiri beshtare, ki ba odamon rasonida meshavad,
tavassuti guruhhoi khurdi ijtimoi surat megirad; - baroi darki mohiyati odam hamchun shakhs, ishtirok
va faoliyati uro dar guruhhoi khurd mushohida kardan lo-
zim ast.
Dar in zamina, zarurati az rui khususiyathoi muayyan
judokunii guruhhoi khurd ba miyon meoyad. Guruhhoi khurdro
bo usulhoi gunogun tafriqanamoi mekunand. Odatan chu-
nin judonamoii guruhhoi khurd ba namudho malum ast:
mikroguruhho va guruhhoi hajman kalon, referenti va
indifferenti, tabii va laboratori, rasmi va gayriras-
mi, sustinkishofyofta va khubinkishofyofta, interaktivi
va gayra.
Mikroguruh gufta, guruhi az hama khurdi 2-3 – nafa-
raro menomand. Oila, 2-3 nafar dustoni nazdik, 2-3
nafar shakhsi dar yak korkhona hamjoya faoliyatkunanda va
g. misoli in guna guruhho shuda metavonad. Harchand shu-
morai mikroguruhho dar muqoisa bo guruhhoi hajman ka-
lon nachandon ziyod boshand ham, onho nisbatan pahnshuda-
tar meboshand, zero har guna munosibati miyoni guruhhoi
digar mavjudbuda, az munosibathoi mikroguruhi ogoz me-
yobad. YAne, har guna majmui murakkabi munosibathoi
baynihamdigarii guruhhoi az chor nafar ziyodro ba muno-
sibathoi oditarini du se nafara taqsim kardan mumkin
ast.
Dar in zamina tadqiqi munosibathoi odamon dar
mikroguruhho mohiyati khosa paydo mekunad, zero nozukiyu
murakkabii in munosibatho asosan dar darajai mikro-
guruhho zohir meshavad. Munosibathoi baynihamdigari
dar guruhhoi digar boshad, az majmui munosibathoi mu-
rakkabu ba ham payvasti baynihamdigari iborat mebo-
shad. In munosibathoro ba tavri zerin tasvir kardan
mumkin ast:
Dar rasmi mazkur, az tarafi chap munosibti du
mikroguruhi alohidai dunafara va senafara, az tarafi
rost boshad, munosibati guruhi 5 – nafara tasvir shuda-
ast. Ba osoni didan mumkin ast, ki munosibati bay-
nihamdigarii guruhi 5 – nafara az munosibathoi dugoni-
ki ziyodi baynihamdigarii hamai azoyoni guruh iborat
ast.
Ilova bar in, sababi digari ba omuzishi chunin
guruhho tavajjuhi khosa zohir kardani olimon dar on ast,
ki munosibathoi baynihamdigarii azoyoni in guruhho
odatan khelo nazdik, mahramona yo baraks, khelo tezu tund
shuda metavonand. Baroi oshkor kardani omilhoi asosi
mahz hamin namudi munosibathoi guruhhoro omukhtan
muvofiqi maqsad ast.
Guruhi referenti- guruhi namunavi buda, baroi
azoyoni navi on ahamiyati khosai musbat paydo mekunad.
In ahamiyat dar shaklhoi zerin inikos meyobad:
- guruhi referenti baroi azoyoni vay diqqatjalbku-
nanda ast, onho az mansub budanashon ba in guruh khelo if-
tikhor dorand. Agar ayni zamon azoi on naboshand, on
gohbo tamomi hasti kushish menamoyand, ki dar oyanda
azoi komilhuquqi on gardand; - maqsad, arzish va meyori raftor az jonibi hamai
azoyoni guruh etirof va qabul karda shuda, hamchun
maqsad, arzish va meyorhoi shakhsii onho fahmida mesha-
vad; - hangomi ba mushkilie duchor shudan, azoyoni guruh
dar hambastagi bo nazardosht va dastgirii fikru
aqidahoi hamdigar onro hallu fasl menamoyand;
– in namudi guruh dar muqoisa bo namudhoi digar,
dar tashakkuli shakhsiyati inson naqshi muhim mebozad.
Doirai dustoni nazdik, oila, kollektivhoi mehnati
va g. misoli in guna guruhhoyand.
Guruhi indifferenti gufta, guruhero menomand, ki
on baroi shakhsi muayyan hejguna ahamiyat nadorad. U baroi
azoi on shudan sayu kushish namekunad, fikru aqidai
azoyoni in guruh baroi u na on qadar muhim buda, tasiri
khosa namerasonad.
Guruhi tabii umumiyati odamone meboshad, ki dar ha-
yoti voqei mavjudand va tavri tabii tashakkul meyoband.
Aksariyati guruhhoi khurdi dar jamiyat mavjudbuda,
guruhhoi ba tavri tabii tashkilshuda meboshand.
Guruhhoi laboratori guruhhoe meboshand, ki baroi
guzaronidani in yo on tadqiqoti ilmi gird ovarda shuda,
tanho dar sharoiti laboratori nigoh doshta meshavand.
Pas az anjom yoftani tadqiqot in namudi guruhho paro-
kanda megardand.
Guruhhoi rasmi doroi asosi huquqi buda, zimni
oinnoma, ruykhati shtatii kormandon va digar hujjathoi
rasmi tashakkul meyobad. Oila, guruhhoi talimii mak-
tabhoi miyonayu oli va g. misoli guruhhoi rasmi shuda me-
tavonand. Guruhhoi gayrirasmi tasodufi buda, hej guna
asosi huquqi nadorand va dar zaminai shavqu havas, raviya,
tavajjuh va qarobati fikru andeshahhoi umumi shakl
megirand. In guruh doroi oinnoma va hujjathoi rasmi
nameboshad. Doirai odamoni baroi yagon navi bozi jam
shuda, shakhsoni noshinosi dar yak mavze ba shikor
mashgulbuda, navbat dar nazdi dukoni nonfurushi va
gayra misoli guruhhoi gayrirasmi meboshand.
Guruhi konaktivi guruhe meboshad, ki azoyoni on
bayni khud dar munosibat nestand va har yak nafar khud ba
khud faoliyat menamoyad. Natijai faoliyati onho az rui
jami sahmi guzoshtai hama barrasi shuda, az munosibati
shakhsi yo korii tashkilyofta vobasta nest. Guruhi interak-
tivi gufta guruhero menomand, ki azoyoni on bo hamdigar
dar anjom dodani faoliyate bayni khud dar munosibati
faolona meboshand. Natijai faoliyati har yak nafar
dar alohidagi va guruh dar yakjoyagi, mohiyatan az munosi-
bathoi tarkibyoftai baynihamdigarii azoyoni guruh vo-
basta ast. Guruhi talimii donishjuyon misoli guruhhoi
konaktivi va dastai basketbolbozon yo futbolbozon miso-
li guruhhoi interaktivi shuda metavonad.
Guruhhoi sust inkishofyofta gufta, guruhhoero dar
nazar dorand, ki dar on sokhti muayyani dokhiliguruhi
mavjud nest, naqsh va uhdadorihoi azoyoni guruh durust
taqsim nashudaast, munosibathoi baynihamdigarii shakh-
siyu kori boyadu shoyad, tashkil nashudaast, darajai mut-
tahidii azoyoni guruh past ast, bayni azoyoni guruh ham-
digarnofahmi va nizohoi ba faoliyati samaranok khalal
rasonanda zud-zud ruy doda meistand.
Guruhhoi darajai inkishofashon baland bo muta-
shakkili, muttahidi, taqsimi durusti uhdadoriho, muno-
sibathoi solimi koriyu shakhsii baynihamdigari, baham-
tasirrasonii muvofiq, natijagirihoi balandi faoli-
yati yakjoya va gayra az guruhhoi digar farq mekunad. In
namudi guruhro ba tavri digar kollektiv va muvofiqi
ananahoi psikhologiyai ijtimoii mamlakathoi garb, masa-
lan, SHMA dasta menomand.
Kollektiv hamchun guruhi darajai inkishofash ba-
land bo chunin khususiyatho tavsif doda meshavad: bo-
masuliyati, kollektivizm, muttahidi, dastras budan, mu-
tashakkili, hamkori va malumotnoki tavsif doda mesha-
vad.
Bomasuliyati gufta, ijroi boinsofonai vazifahoi
ba uhda giriftai azoyoni kollektivro hangomi ijroi
faoliyati umumi menomand. Bomasuliyati dar on zohir
meshavad, ki uhdadoriho az jonibi azoyoni kollektiv be
hejguna vodorkuni va nazorat sofdilona ijro karda me-
shavad. Guruh hamon vaqt kollektiv nomida meshavad, ki
agar aksariyati azoyonash hangomi ijroi faoliyati dil-
khoh bomasuliyatii balandro ehsos namoyad.
Kollektivizm – in kushishi azoyoni guruhro bahri
hallu fasli mushkili va masalahoi haltalabi guruh bo
darnazardoshti manfiathoi hamai azoyoni on ifoda me-
namoyad. In guna fahmish ba fahmishi individualizm –
tarzi raftore, ki dar on shakhs manfiathoi khudro az man-
fiathoi jamiyat bolotar memonad, zid ast.
Muttahidi – in yagonagii psikhologii dokhiliguruhi
buda, bo maqsad, bahoguzori, aqida, munosibat va hama gu-
na amalhoi umumii baroi guruh purqimat zohirshavanda
tavsif doda meshavad. Voqean, baroi on ki guruh kollek-
tivi inkishofyofta nomida shavad, shart nest, ki azoyoni
vay dar hamai holatho muttahid boshand. Muhim on ast,
ki dar mavridhoi dar haqiqat haltalab va taqdirsoz
azoyoni guruh hamfikru hammaslak buda, azoyoni hamfi-
kru hambastai oliro inikos namoyand.
Guruhi kushoda gufta, chunin guruhero menomand, ki
vay az nazari psikhologi baroi hamaguna muoshiratu mu-
nosibat va bahamtasirrasoniho bo guruhhoi digar ku-
shoda ast. Baroi ba hayati khesh qabul kardani dilkhoh
azoi guruhi digar doimo tayyor ast. Guruhi kushoda bo
azoyoni khud va azoyoni guruhhoi digari ijtimoi munosi-
bati yakkhela doshta, onhoro ba azoi «khudi» va azoi «be-
gona» judo namekunad, bayni onho farqiyate nameguzorad
va baroi faoliyati azoyoni khud sharoiti makhsus muhayyo
namesozad.
Hamkori – mafhumest, ki munosibathoi shakhsii
azoyoni guruhro tavsif medihad. Azoyoni guruh dar
mavride hamkor nomida meshavand, ki agar be yagon du-
shvori bo ham sozish namuda, kushish namoyand, ki bayni
khud munosibathoi khubi shakhsi barqaror namoyand. Ham-
kori dar muoshirat va bo ham radu badal namudani
malumot ifoda meyobad. Dar jarayoni on hej guna ikhtilof
ruy namedihad va agar ruy dihad ham, zud va bo osoni bar-
taraf karda meshavad.
Mutashakkili – tavsifdihandai munosibathoi ko-
rii azoyoni guruh meboshad. Guruhi mutashakkil gufta,
guruhero menomand, ki dar on vazifaho miyoni azoyoni
guruh aniqu ravshan taqsim kardashuda, har yak nafar
mavqei khudro khelo khub medonad va bo mahorati baland
hangomi ijroi faoliyati umumi ba digaron kumak mera-
sonad. Hamchunin guruhe, ki dar sharoiti favquloda bo
zuddi az uhdai taqsimi baynihamdigarii vazifaho, ba
sharoiti zaruri mutobiq shudan va ijroi suporishi guzo-
shtashuda mebaroyad, guruhi mutashakkil nomida meshavad.
Malumotnoki gufta, dar borai yakdigar malumot
doshtani azoyoni guruhro menomand. YAne, har yak azoi
guruh boyad dar borai digaron va guruhi khud malumoti
sahehu kofi doshta bosha dva vazi dokhiliguruhiro niz
dark kunandu donand.
Hamai in tahlilhoi kardashuda tavsifi nazari-
yavii kollektiv ba hisob meravad. Dar amaliya hangomi
arzyobi kardani guruh hamchun kollektiv, savolhoi ziyode
ba miyon meoyand. In savolho bo sababhoi bo tarzhoi guno-
gun omukhtanu tavsif namudani kollektiv, mavjud nabuda-
ni meyorhoi aniqe, ki bo istifoda az onho imkoniyati
aniq baho dodan ba darajai taraqqiyoti guruh hamchun kol-
lektiv imkonpazir boshad, ba miyon meoyand. Ba hamai in
nigoh nakarda, bo istifoda az meyorhoi zikrshuda yo mu-
nosibatho darajai taraqqiyoti guruhro hamchun kollektiv
amalan muayyan kardan mumkin ast.
