Toj.su
Asoshoi «Ilm – in sohai makhsusi
ilmi – metodologii faoliyati insoniyat ast, ki
tadqiqoti psikhologi bahri hosil namudani doni-
shi nav doir ba olam, qonu-
niyat, mohiyat va khususiyathoi
on ravona karda shudast – omadaast dar kitobi «Falsafa
va donishi ilmi». (SHamsiddinov J. Falsafa va donishi
ilmi. – Dushanbe, 2009.- S. 12.). Natijai faoliyati ilmi
dar tavsifi voqeiyat, sharh va peshbinii jarayonu zuhurot,
dar shakli matn, skhemaho, tasvirhoi grafiki, formulaho
va gayra ifoda meyobad. Ideali omuzishi ilmi – in kashfi
qonunho ast, ki mohiyatan sharhi nazariyavii voqeiyat me-
boshand. Ba qavli Eynshteyn buzurgtarin muzaffariyati
tafakkuri ilmi dar oshkor namudani qonunhoi funda-
mentalii tabiat ifoda meyobad.
Voqean kashfi qonunhoi tabiat va jamiyat na
tanho yake az meyorhoi muhimi bahoi ilmi dodan ba hodi-
sahoi olam ast, balki mahz in qonunho mohiyati amalii
ilmro tavsif medihand. Bo kashfi qonunhoi ilmi hodi-
sahoro sharh dodan, peshbini namudan va idora kardan
imkonpazir megardad.
Vazifai muhimtarini ilm – in gird ovardani
majmui donishhoi asosnok va marifati haqiqat mebo-
shad. Dar tuli tarikhi insoniyat in vazifai khudro ijro
karda istoda, ilm chun instituti ijtimoi tashakkul yofta-
ast. (Dar zeri mafhumi instituti ijtimoi sistemai ustu-
vori arzishho, meyoru qoida va prinsipho fahmida mesha-
vad, ba misli din, ilm, akhloq). Tahavvuloti ilm dar
namudi shaklgiri, raqobat va ivazshavii paradigmaho su-
rat megirad. Paradigma (az yun. namuna) namud va yo samti
tadqiqot ast, ki az jonibi guruhi mutakhassison ba sifati
namuna qabul shudaast (chun omuzishi shuur va raftor dar
psikhologiya).
Usuli ba dast ovardani donishhoi ilmi – in
tadqiqoti ilmi meboshad. Hamaguna tadqiqot az guzori-
shi masalai ilmi ogoz meyobad. Har guna savolhoi
kunjkobonai kudakona az qabili «charo osmon kabud ast?»,
«ki zurtar ast: fil yo sher?» namunai soddai masalagu-
zori ba shumor meravand. Ammo masalaguzorii ilmi az
chunin savolhoi hayoti bo on farq mekunad, ki on dar doi-
rai sohai muayyani ilm shakl girifta, hamzamon usuli
tadqiq va halli masala peshbini karda meshavad. CHunin
davrahoi paydoishi masalai ilmiro farq mekunand:
oshkor shudani noqisii donishhoi ilmi dar
sharhi hodisahoi voqeiyat;
- tavsifi masala dar sathi to tadqiqoti. In dav-
ra imkoniyat medihad ki masala az doirai yak soha baro-
mada pahn gardad va halli on dar doirai sohahoi digari
ilm niz justuju karda shavad; - batartibdarorii ilmii masala dar doirai
sohai alohidai tadqiqoti ilmi va peshnihodi farziyai
ilmi. Farziya yo gipoteza – in takhmini ilmi ast, yane
javobi takhmini ba savoli: «in masala az kujo sar meza-
nad?». Minbad tadqiqoti ilmi ba naqsha girifta mesha-
vad, ki tasdiq yo inkori farziyaro peshbini mekunad.
Tadqiqoti ilmi az chunin davraho iborat ast:
- Peshnihodi farziya.
- Banaqshagirii tadqiqot.
- Barguzorii tadqiqot.
- SHarhi natijaho.
- Tasdiq yo inkori farziya.
- Dar holati inkor shudani farziyai avvali pesh-
nihodi farziyai nav bo nazardoshti natijahoi badastoma-
da.
Tamomi in masalahoi vobasta ba arzishho,
meyorho, prinsipho, usulhoi omuzish va umuman asosno-
kii ilmro metodologiyai ilm nazorat mekunad.
Tahti mafhumi metodologiya talimotro dar bo-
rai usuli ilmii marifati olam mefahmand.
Psikhologiya baroi on, ki hamchun ilmi mustaqil va
asosnok etirof karda shavad, boyad meyorhoi umumiilmi
va yak qator talaboti metodologiro qanoatmand namoyad.
Pesh az hama on boyad sistemai donishhoi ilman asosnok-
shudaro dar bar girad. Dar ibtidoi bobi avvali kitob
doir ba donishhoi ilmi va hayoti (gayriilmi)- i psikho-
logi bayon namudem va qayd kardem, ki donishhoi hayoti ba
sistema darovarda nashudaand, ba tavri tajribavi sobit
nagardidaand. Dar barobari in qayd kardan lozim ast,
ki albatta chunin donishho nametavonand vazifahoi dar
nazdi psikhologiya guzoshtashudaro hal namoyand, yane ba-
roi korhoi jidii tarbiyavi, tabobati va tashkili asosi
ustuvori nazariyavi boshand. Zero tashkili chunin korho,
ki bo faoliyati mutakhassis – psikholog vobastagii muhim
doshta, donishhoi kasbi va ilman asosnoki psikhologiro
talab mekunad.
Doshnnhoi ilmii psikhologi masmui dalelu burhoni
ba tavri tachribavi tasdinshuda meboshand, ki hodisahoi
gunoguni hayoti ruhiro mindoran va sifatan tavsif
medihand.
Donishhoi ilmii psikhologi dar ravandi tadqiqoti
ilmii psikhologi hosil meshavand. Tadqiqoti ilmii psi-
khologi niz chun tamomi samthoi digari tadqiqoti ilmi ba
usuli gipotetikiyu deduktivi takya mekunad, yane nisbati
masalai ilmii guzoshtashuda farziya (gipoteza) pesh-
nihod megardad va dar asosi on tadqiqoti ilmi – psikho-
logi ba naqsha girifta meshavad, ki ba tasdiq yo inkor-
namoii in farziya ravona shudaast. Dar rafti tadqiqot
sharhi hodisoti psikhiki dar shakli guzashtan az kull ba
juz (deduksiya) jarayon megarad.
Nisbati tashkili tadqiqoti psikhologi chunin ta-
laboti meyori mavjudand:
- Banaqshagirii tadqiqot. Metodhoi tadqiqot bo-
yad peshaki intikhob va omoda karda shavand, jarayon, vazi-
yat, vositaho, obekt va predmeti tadqiqot hamajoniba
tahlil gardand, omilhoi tasirrason baetibor girifta
shavand va g.. - Makon va zamoni tadqiqot. Joy va vaqti bargu-
zorii tadqiqot intikhob va muayyan karda shavad, muhiti
baroi tadqiqot zaruri bavujud ovarda shavad, qoidahoi
tekhnikai bekhatari, sanitari-gigieni va etiki, inchunin
holati ruhii ozmudashavandagon baetibor girifta sha-
vad. - Taminoti tekhniki. Tajhizoti baroi tadqiqot
zaruri purra tamin gardad va tashkhisi korshoyamii onho
guzaronida shavad. - Intikhobi ozmudashavandagon. Intikhob boyad ba
maqsadi tadqiqot muvofiq boshad, on boyad yakrangii si-
fatii ozmudashavandagonro tamin namoyad. - SHakhsiyati tadqiqotchi. Tadqiqotchi boyad do-
nishhoi nazariyavi va malakai kasbii baroi guzaronidani
tadqiqot zaruriro doshta boshad. Dar jarayoni tadqiqot
tasiri tadqiqotchi noguzir ast, va az in ru baetiborgi-
rii in omil niz zarur ast. - Nishondod. Nishondodi ba ozmudashavanda pesh-
nihodshavanda boyad dar davrai banaqshagirii tadqiqot
tartib doda shavad va on boyad kutoh, aniqu fahmo boshad. - Protokol. Protokoli tadqiqot boyad purra va
hamzamon maqsadnok boshad. - Korkardi natijaho. Natijahoi badastovarda-
shuda boyad ba tavri sifati va miqdori tahlil karda sha-
vand.
Nisbati tashkil va guzaronidani tadqiqoti psikho-
logi hamchunin talaboti etiki va huquqi niz peshnihod
meshavand: 1) ravandi tadqiqot boyad ba qonunguzorii
davlati mukholif naboshad; 2) psikholog-tadqiqotchi va yo
tashkilote, ki tadqiqotro ba naqsha megirad boyad huquq
va ijozatnomai guzaronidani onro doshta boshad; 3)
tadqiqot boyad ba salomati, holati ruhi, mavqei ijtimoi,
huquqho va manfiathoi ozmudashavanda tasiri manfi
narasonad; 4) tadqiqot boyad tanho bo maqsadhoi ilmi
barguzor gardad; 5) sirri kasbi boyad nigoh doshta shavad
va malumoti shakhsi tanho bo rozigii ozmudashavanda
pahn karda shavad; 6) hangomi intikhobi ozmudashavanda-
gon boyad rozigii onho ba etibor girifta shavad yo onho
az ravandi tadqiqot ogoh karda shavand. Qayd kardan lo-
zim ast, ki dar holathoi makhsus nisbati in talabot is-
tisnoi asosnok mavjud ast, bazan bo maqsadi dar holati
tabii nigoh doshtani vaziyat ravandi tadqiqot yo maqsadi
on muvaqqatan az ozmudashavanda pinhon doshta meshavad.
7) bo talabi ozmudashavandaho ravandi tadqiqot bo u bo-
yad bozdoshta shavad.
