Toj.su
YAke az sohahoi asosii tashakkul va zuhuroti khususi-
yathoi psikhikii shakhs
muoshirat ba shumor mera-
vad. Muoshirat sharti muhimi ijtimoishavii odam, tala-
boti hameshagiyu zarurii ust. Dar munosibathoi guno-
gunrangi odam bo olam munosibati u bo atrofiyon va
jomea nisbatan muhimtar donista meshavad. In munosi-
batho dar ravandi muoshirat amali megardad, ki dar
rafti on mubodilai akhbor, tanzimi ijtimoii faoliyati
odamon surat girifta, munosibathoi muvofiqi bayni-
shakhsi tashakkul meyobad.
Muoshirat – ravandi murakkabu gunogunjabhai
barqarorkuni va vusatdihii robitai baynihamdigarii
odamon buda, dar asosi khohishi faoliyati yakjoya namuda-
ni onho ba vujud omadaastu mubodilai afkor, hamkori va
darki hamdigarro dar bar megirad.
CHunone ki Ekzyuperi menavisad: «Odam girehi robi-
tahost». Muoshirat faoliyati ijtimoii odamro paru bol
mebakhshad. Dar muoshirati ijtimoi inkishofi psikhiki
va khudifodanamoii fard surat megirad. Muoshirati sa-
marabakhshu mufid bo malakayu mahorat va madaniyati
muoshiratnamoii hamsuhbaton aloqai nogusastani dorad.
Muoshirat bo odamon in ilm va sanat ast, in jo ham
istedodi tabii va ham malumot naqshi muhim mebozad.
Az in nuqtai nazar, har nafare, ki dar hayot va faoliyat
muvaffaqiyatu muzaffariyat ba dast ovardan mekhohad, bo-
yad nozukihoi in sanat va in ilmro omuzad.
Baroi dark kardani muoshirat sokhti onro donistan
zarur ast. Sokhti muoshiratro ba vositai se funksiyai ba
ham aloqamandi on sharh medihand: kommunikativi, in-
teraktivi va perseptivi.
Mohiyati funksiyai kommunikativiro mubodilai akh-
bor, ba hamdigar raddu badal namudani malumot
(majmui tasavvurot, aqida, shavqu havas, holati ruhi, his-
siyot va maqsadguzorihoi muoshiratkunandagon) tashkil
medihad. Funksiyai interaktivii muoshiratro tashkili
hamkorii baynihamdigarii muoshiratkunandagon dar
bar megirad. YAne, dar jarayoni muoshirat na tanho dodu
girifti donishho, aqidaho, balki dodu girifti amalho
niz ba vujud meoyad. Tarafi perseptivi manoi idroki
baynihamdigarii
muoshiratkunandagon va yo khud hamdigarfahmiro do-
rad.
Idrok yo khud dark kardani hamsuhbat dar asosi
muqoisa namudani khud bo hamsuhbat ba amal omada, bo se
jihat tavsif doda meshavad: identifikatsiya – dar asosi
khususiyathoi khud dark kardani hamsuhbat; empatiya – qobi-
liyati darki emotsionalii hamsuhbat dar shakli ham-
dardi; refleksiya – dar oinai darki hamsuhbat chi tavr
inikos shudani khudro ifoda mekunad.
Mekhanizmi digari idroki baynihamdigariro at-
traksiya menomand. YAk shakli marifatkunii hamsuhbat
buda, dar zaminai hissiyothoi musbati peshtar tashakku-
lyofta ba vujud meoyad. Dar in zamina har qadare, ki nisa-
bati mavqei hamsuhbat nazari musbat doshta boshem,
hamon qadar imkoniyati durust dark kardani u paydo me-
shavad.
Mekhanizmi navbatii hamdigarfahmi atributsiyai
kauzali meboshad, ki dar asosi on raftor va hissiyoti
shakhsi digar sharhu ezoh va baho doda meshavad.
Dar radifi funksiyahoi muoshirat mazmun, vazifa va
vositahoi onro niz farq mekunand. Mazmuni muoshiratro
dodugirifti afkor, akhbor, donish, mahorat, malaka,
tajriba, va gayra tashkil medihad. CHunin usulhoi
tasirrasoni ba hamsuhbat mavjudand: siroyatkuni, muta-
asirnamoi, bovarkunoni, talqin.
Siroyatkuni – in ba tavri beikhtiyor ba holati mua-
yyani psikhiki giriftor namudani odam meboshad. Misol,
kafkubihoi bardavomi mukhlison boisi masruri va fa-
rahmandii ruhii saroyanda megardad.
Mutaasirnamoi – in tasirrasonii maqsadnoki yak
shakhs ba shakhsi digar meboshad. Dar jarayoni on notiq ta-
vassuti tasirrasonihoi hissiyoti va irodavi dar shu-
navandai khud hissi hamdardiro ba vujud ovarda, masa-
laro ba foidai khud hal menamoyad. Tadqiqotho nishon do-
daand, ki kudakon va pironsolon, shakhsoni organizman
zaifu khastashuda beshtar ba in holat giriftor meshavand.
Har qadare, ki darajai shuurnokii shakhs baland boshad, u
hamon qadar kamtar ba in holat giriftor megardad. Mu-
taasirshavii odamon az balandmartabagii shakhsiyati
tasirrason niz vobasta ast. Notiq har qadare, ki buzur-
gu varzida boshad, tasirnokii sukhani u hamon qadar ziyod
ast.
Bovarkunoni – bo yorii asosnokkunihoi mantiqi ba
dast ovardani rizoiyati shunavanda doir ba in yo on
masala meboshad.
Talqin – ba vositai dalelhoi az jonibi aksariyat
qabulshuda baroi ijroi amale yo kore ravona kardani shu-
navanda meboshad. Vazifahoi muoshirat inhoyand:
- ittilooti – robitavi (qabul va intiqoli ittilo-
ot); - tanzimi – robitavi (tashkili tasiri dutarafai
odamon dar faoliyati mushtaraki onho); - tasir bakhshidan ba sohai emotsiyahoi hamsuhbat;
khudifodakunii holati emotsionalii odam.
