Toj.su
Tasavvurothoi avvalin doir ba ruh
dar davrahoi qadim paydo shudand.
Onho pesh az hama dar aqidahoi dini,
asotir, ejodiyoti badeii khalq – nazm, afsona va gayra
inikos yoftaand. In tasavvurothoi toilmi az majmui
donishhoe, ki tufayli ilm ba dast ovarda meshavand, ko-
milan farq mekunand. Ruh dar ibtido hamchun zuhuroti
favquttabii, hamchun jonvarake dar botini hayvon va yo
khud hamchun «odamchae dar botini odam» donista meshud.
Hamin tavr, faoliyati hayvonot va odam az rui mavjudi-
yati ruh dar onho baho doda shuda, oromii onho hangomi
khob va marg az nabudani ruh dalolat mekard. Hob goyibii
muvaqqati va marg goyibii doimiro ifoda menamud. Ta-
savvurothoi avvalini ilmi doir ba ruh ba sharh va rav-
shan namudani vazifahoi on ravona shuda budand. In ta-
savvurotho dar falsafai qadim paydo shuda, talimotro
doir ba ruh ba vujud ovardand. Talimot doir ba ruh sha-
kli ibtidoii donishho buda, dar rafti on tasavvurothoi
ilmii psikhologi tashakkul meyoftand. In andesharo L. S.
Vigotskiy takid namuda meguyad, ki «.. psikhologiya boyad
az ideyai ruh ibtido girad» (Vigotskiy L. S. Sobr. soch.
T.1-M., 1982.-S.429).
Qonuniyati asosi va umumii taraqqiyoti donishhoi
ilmii psikhologiro muborizai fikriyu aqidavi bayni
jarayonhoi idealizm va materializm tashkil medihad.
Fahmishi idialistii psikhika dar on zohir meshavad, ki
psikhika va shuur az protsesshoi olami moddi judo gar-
dida, ba yak substansiyai makhsusi ruh tabdil doda meshu-
dand. Munosibati materialisti sharhi sababii zuhuroti
hodisahoi psikhikiro ifoda mekunad. Dar zaminai on dar
davrahoi muayyani tarikhi faoliyati psikhiki bo
faoliyati magzi sar aloqamand karda shud. Dar tarikhi
psikhologiya du davrai kalonro judo mekunand: yakum, vaqte
ki donishhoi psikhologi dar zaminai ilmi falsafa va di-
gar ilmho, pesh az hama tabiatshinosi inkishof doda
meshud; duyum vaqte ki psikhologiya hamchun ilmi mustaqil
taraqqi mekard. Davrai yakum az asri VI to melod to ni-
mai asri XIX davom mekunad. Davrai duyumro ziyoda az 150
sol (az nimai duyumi asri XIX to zamoni hozira) tashkil
medihad. Baroi on ki omuzishi donishhoi psikhologiro
dar mamlakathoi gunogun baroh monemu donista girem,
lozim meoyad, ki tarikhi inkishofi afkori psikhologiro
ba davrachahoi khurdu kalon az rui prinsipi khronologi,
fazoivu teretoriyavi va tabdili nuqtai nazarho tasnif
kunem. CHunin davrabandii donishhoi psikhologi dar
tarikhi psikhologiya qabul shudaast.
Talimoti materialsti doir ba ruh hamchun qismi
tarkibii falsafai materialisti dar asri VI to melod ba
vujud omada, tarikhan shakli avvalini falsafai YUnoni
qadim mahsub meyobad. Qullai balandi materializi an-
tiqa materializim atomi bud, ki asosguzoroni on Demo-
krit va ustodash Levkipp (asri V to melod) ba shumor me-
raftand. Demokrit dar davroni inkishofyobii sokhti
gulomdori hayot ba sar burdaast va shohidi rushdu numui
ilm, sanat (memori, haykaltaroshi) va adabiyot dar in
asr gashtaast.
Atomistho olamro vohidi tomi az zarrahoi beshu-
mori khurdtarine iborat medonistand, ki dar joyi kholi
(«ba har taraf shitob mekunand», «ba har samt mayl mena-
moyad») harakat
