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Rushdi sohibkori hamchun omili baland bardoshtani sathi zindagoni aholi

Mo dar davrai tagyirothoi ba oyandai khele dur ravonakardashuda va amiqi jahonbinii khesh, falsafai navini inkishof, inchunin siyosat, iqtisodiyot va ravandhoi navjuyona hayot ba sar mebarem. Dar barobari rushdi ravandi jahonishavi har chi beshtar bo mushkilihoi bartaraf namudani kambizoati, ki har chi ziyodtar ba jarayoni faoliyati insoniyat ba tavri umumi tasiri kheshro merasonad, ru ba ru megardad.

Maslahoi kambizoati baroi jomeai baynalkhalqi chun bongi khatari globali ba shumor rafta, doirai vasei mushkilihoi roh yoftan ba zakhirahoi iqtisodiro dar bar megirad. In khususan ba kishvari mo, ki dar marhalai guzarish qaror dorad, vobasta meboshad va halli mushkilii past kardani sathi kambizoati bo ba hisob giriftani oqibati qarorhoi baroi muhlathoi dur qabulshavanda munosibati farogirro talab mekunad.

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Boqi mondani sathi balandi kambizoatii aholi az yak taraf ba mahdudsozii qobiliyati pardokhtsozi talabot va boloravii iqtisodiyot ovarda rasonad, az tarafi digar ba vayronsozii prinsiphoi rushdi ijtimoi va rizoiyati jomea ovarda merasonad. Binobar in, mushkilii az bayn burdani benavoi va past sokhtani sathi kambizoati boyad mavzui tashvishi tamomi sokhtorhoi davlati va gayridavlati, tabaqahoi jomea, hizbho va harakatho gardad. Davlat doroi imkoniyathoi past kardani kambizoati tavassuti tashkil dodani havasmandgardonii afzoishi iqtisodiyot, mukammalsozii kori sokhtorhoi bozori ba nafi benavoyon, barpo sokhtani sharoitho bahri roh yoftani onho ba zakhiraho va rushdi sohibkori meboshad.

Baland bardoshtani sathu sifati zindagii aholi ba vujud ovardani fazoi samaranoki sohibkoriro dar nazar dorad, ki az omilhoi zerin iborat ast:

  • rushdi zaminai meyoriyu huquqi nisbat ba sokhtorhoi sohibkori, ki ba tavri samaranok istifoda burdani zakhirahoro tamin mesozad;
  • purzursozii raqobat ba vositai khususigardonii korkhonahoi sohahoi iqtisodiyot;
  • rushdi bozorhoi moliyavi va dodani mablaghoi qarzi ba sohahoi sohibkori;
  • rushdi nizomi samaranoki ba tanzimdarorandai bozori mehnat va instituthoe, ki munosibathoi mehnatiro ba tanzim medarorand;
  • tamini dastgirii davlatii sohibkori.

Tamini rushdi bosurati iqtisodi samti asosii strategiyai kam kardani kambizoati dar Tojikiston meboshad. Qati nazar az in, baroi on ki sathi kambizoati past gardad, boloravii iqtisodiyot boyad chun manbae bahri baland bardoshtani imkoniyathoi bozorii aholii dehot, behtar namudani vazi in qismi aholi istifoda burda shavad.

Tahlili masalahoi kambizoati nishon dod, ki dar bayni shugl, sohai faoliyati iqtisodi va kambizoati dar Tojikiston aloqamandii zich vujud dorad. Binobar in, kambizoati az samaranok faoliyat namudani bozori mehnat vobasta meboshad va pesh az hama, dar bayni onhoe joygir megardad, ki dar khojagii qishloq va dar bakhshi davlati shugl mevarzand. YAkbora past gardidani sathi maoshi voqei dar kishvar dar davomi davrai guzarish dar bayni mehnatkashon khatari kambizoatgardiro baland namud. In anana boz bo on dalel resha davond, ki dar sari vaqt nadodani muzdi mehnat mushohida gardid. Hatari kambizoati dar bayni shugldoshtagon nisbat dar miyoni bekoron past nameboshad va dar amal shugldoshtagon qismi ziyodi kambizoattarini aholiro tashkil medihand. Az bisyor jihat in az sokhtori bozori mehnat va nizomi vujuddoshtai muzdi mehnat vobasta ast.

Dar tashakkuli bozori mehnat dar kishvar naqshi makhsusro, pesh az hama du shart mebozad:

YAkum, ravandi khususigardoni va tashakkul dodani bakhshi khususi bo har ehtimol ba farqsozii kaloni muzdi mehnat ovarda rasonidand. In ravandho va munosibathoi navi iqtisodi tafriqaro dar miyoni muzdi mehnat dar bakhshi khususi va davlati, dar shahr va dehot, inchunin dar miyoni muzdi mehnat dar bakhshhoi gunoguni iqtisodiyot baland bardoshtand. Ziyoda az in, khususigardonii korkhonahoi miyona va kalon va restrukturizatsiya metavonad ba balandshavii sathi bekorii oshkoro va ba digar tagyirotho dar bozori mehnat ovarda rasonad;

Duyum, dar vaqthoi okhir ba kulli vaseshavaii miqyosi bakhshi gayrirasmi ba amal omad, ki aknun namudhoi gunoguni faoliyatro az savdoi barteri to tijorati savdoi mutashakkil, az khizmatrasoni dar sohai khuroki umumi to khizmatrasonii naqliyot dar bar megirad. Bakhshi gayrirasmi, beguftugu, bahri zaif sokhtani oqibathoi manfii buhroni iqtisodii «rasmi» omili tavono gardid. Gayr az in, tagyirothoi dar bozori mehnat ba amalomada ba imkoniyati daromadi tabaqahoi kambizoati aholi tasir merasonand, onho inchunin hangomi tahlili mushkilihoi baland bardoshtani sathi zindagii aholi dar Tojikiston masalai markazi mahsub meyoband.

Tadqiqoti mushkilii kambizoati nishon medihad, ki aksariyati qismi kambizoattarini aholi va qismi az had ziyodi onho dar khojagii qishloq mashgul meboshand. Ba in munosibat, naqshi markazie, ki bakhshi khojagii qishloq dar baland bardoshtani imkoniyathoi bozorii kambizoaton bozida metavonad, inchunin ba sathi kambizoati dar kishvar tasiri kalon merasonad.

Sathi dar davrai hozira ba dastovardashudai rushdi sohibkori bahri favran tashkil namudani joyhoi navi kori nokifoya meboshad. Tahlilho nishon medihand, ki bisyor dalelhoi manfi dar tashkil namudani faoliyati sohibkori bo sababi vujud nadoshtani khazinahoi makhsusi qarzdihanda bahri barpo sokhtani korkhonahoi khususi va baroi mushtariyoni khesh dar giriftani zakhirahoi qarzi kumakrason meboshand.

Rushdi nokifoyai instituthoi moliyaviyu qarzi, ba sokhtorhoi sohibkorii khizmatrason dar kishvar inchunin ba pastshavii faoliyati sohibkoron va daryoft namudani rohi tashkil dodani faoliyati sohibkori ovarda merasonad. Gayr az in, bahri taqviyatbakhshii islohoti iqtisodi va rushdi sohibkorii khurd kor karda baromadani strategiyai tashakkuldihii infrasokhtori bozorii sohibkori va barpo sokhtani nizomi havasmandgardonii rushdi bakhshi khususii iqtisodiyot ba miyon meoyad.

Rushdi nokifoyai sohibkori onro zararovar va kamhosil megardonad va on ba khizmatrasonii bozori, ba tabaqahoi serdaromadi aholi nigaronida shudaast. In ba on ovarda merasonad, ki sohibkori ba kori purarzish mubaddal megardad va on ba barpo sokhtani bozori ba pastsozii sathi kambizoatii aholi qodirbuda ravona nameboshad. CHunin holati rushdi sohibkori ba pastsozii manfiatdori ba iqtisodiyoti milli, ba barposozii joyhoi navi kori ovarda merasonad, va surati tashakkul dodani shakli navi tafakkuri iqtisodiro peshgiri menamoyad.

Tajribai barposozi va tahlili faoliyati rushdi sohibkori ba tavri bovaribakhsh nishon medihad, ki chunin holati sohibkori avvalan, bo vujud nadoshtani nizomi samaranoki faolgardoni va havasmandsozii faoliyati sohibkori va duyum, nisbatan sust budani asoshoi donishi sohai andozbandi, kori gumruk, kori bonk vobasta meboshad, ki sohibkoronro bahri justujui rohhoi digari tashkili faoliyati sohibkori majbur mesozad.

CHi tavre ki, tajribai jahoni nishon medihad, guzarish ba munosibathoi bozori boisi pastshavii sathi iqtisodiyot va afzudani mushkilii masalahoi ijtimoi megardad. Az in ru, dar sharoiti 143

guzarish,mushkilihoi baland bardoshtani sathi zindagii aholi dar maddi avval joy dorad. Qobili tazakkur ast, ki yake az rohhoi balandbardoshtani sathi zindagoni dar mamlakat ziyod kardani shumorai joyhoi kori va musoidat namudan ba rushdi sohibkori va, pesh az hama, sohibkorii khurdu miyona meboshad. Tamini rushdi korkhonahoi khurdu miyona boisi afzudani joyhoi kori va ziyod gardidani safi sinfi miyonahol tabaqai miyona khohad gardid. Tashakkulyobii tabaqai miyona dar navbati khud baroi rushdi bosurati az nigohi ijtimoi oqilonai iqtisodi, hissaguzor meboshad va imkoniyathoi havasmandgardonii sohibkoriro tamin menamoyad.

Digargunisozihoi iqtisodiyu ijtimoi holo dar zinai sifatan nav qaror dorand va bo maqsadi muhayyo sokhtani sharoit bahri rushdi bosurati az nigohi ijtimoi oqilonai iqtisodi, ki ba afzoishi daromadhoi haqiqii aholi va behtar namudani sifati zisti onho nigaronida shudaast, ravona meboshand.

Baland bardoshtani sifat va sathi zindagii sokinoni mamlakat beshtar az rushdi sohahoi gunoguni zersokhtor (infrastruktura)- energetika, naqliyot, obtaminkuni va telekommunikatsiya vobasta meboshad. Hususan, rushdi in sohaho badi ba imzo rasidani hujjathoi hamkori, miyoni Hukumati Jumhurii Tojikiston va Hukumati Federatsiyai Russiya, az 17 oktyabri soli 2004-um ba zinai sifatan nav mebaroyad. Ba anjom rasidani sokhtmoni Nerugohi barqi obii «Sangtuda-1» va sokhta ba istifoda dodani du agregati avvali Nerugohi obiyu barqii «Rogun» dar Jumhurii Tojikiston masalai taminot bo nerui quvvai barq purra hal megardad va jumhuri imkoniyat paydo menamoyad, ki dar zaminai nerui barqi arzoni istehsoli vatani, korkhonahoi ziyodi istehsoli, joyhoi navi kori tasis dihad va sathi nekuahvolii khalq boz ham baland gardad.

Bo maqsadi baland bardoshtani sathi zindagii aholi dar qatori digar vazifaho boyad chunin mushkilihoi strategiyai rushdi sohibkori halli khudro yoband:

  1. Ba tanzimdarorii davlatii samaranoki sohibkori bo rohhoi zerin tamin karda shavand:
  2. proteksionizmi oqilonai sohibkorii hozirazamon;
  3. istifodabarii prinsiphoi batanzimdarorii barnomaviyu maqsadnok;
  4. tamin namudani samti doroi sababi muayyan budai dastgirii davlati;
  5. jori namudani usulhoi selektiviyu havasmandsozii investitsioni dar sohibkorii nisbatan samaranok;
  6. tashakkul dodani sistemai farmoishhoi davlati ba mahsuloti ba ilm ehtiyojdoshta va ba raqobat tobovar;
  7. barpo sokhtani zersokhtori samaranoki tashkili va bozori.

Tashakkul dodani sohibkorii hozirazamoni dar fazoi iqtisodii kishvar, dar tamomi sohaho va bakhshhoi istehsolot, dar har kadom korkhona. Guzashtan ba shakli sohibkorii takroristehsolkuni dar sathhoi mezo – va mikroiqtisodiyot tamin karda shavad. Dar natija, sohibkorii haqiqi, on quvvai istehsolkunanda khohad gasht, ki on ba omili strategii rushdi iqtisodiyoti milli mubaddal megardad.

Faolgardonii istifodabarii zakhirahoi sohibkori bahri barposozii shaklhoi faoliyati navjui ba tarzi tashkili voqeii mintaqahoi doroi khojagihoi sohibkori, ki asosan nerui (potensiali) strategii navjuiro bahri korkhona barpo khohad sokht. Tabdil dodani sohibkori ba namudi makhsusi faoliyat, ki bo maqsadhoi innovatsioni, vositahoi navjui dar asosi tashakkul dodani tartibi makhsusi mutadil bahri «ba voya rasonidani» tabaqai sohibkoron va zindagardonii faoliyati navjui dar tamomi juzhoi iqtisodiyot.

Barpo sokhtani mekhanizmhoi iqtisodie, ki faoliyati sokhtorhoi sohibkoriro havasmand mesozand va siyosati navjuyonayu sarmoyaguzoriro ba amal mebarorand. Bahri baland bardoshtani manfiatdorii iqtisodi ba sarmoyaguzorihoi istehsolii darozmuhlat ba bonkho, khazinahoi sarmoyaguzori, shirkatho, inchunin ba digar instituthoi moliyaviyu qazrdihi, omilhoi iqtisodi muhayyo karda shavad.

Tashakkul dodani bakhshi voqeii iqtisodiyot dar asosi kor karda baromadani nizomi afzaliyathoi strategiyai innovatsioni, ki ba purragardonii bozori istemoli bo molhoi ba raqobat tobovar va khizmatrasoniho, istifodabarii tekhnologiyahoi baland, sarfa namudani zakhirahoi tabii va kam kardani iflossozii muhiti atrof. Batanzimdarorii davlati va mekhanizmi amali sokhtani selektivii sarmoyaguzori, tashkil namudani ozmoish (ekspertiza), ba tavri ozmun, khosta giriftan va dastgirii loihahoi sarmoyaguzori, tashakkul dodan va rushdi infrasokhtori sarmoyaguzori, tamini kadri va ittilootii amali sokhtani strategiyai sarmoyaguzori.

Idorasozii tavakkalkori dar ravandi sohibkori bo tariqi istifodabarii mekhanizmi qabul namudani qarorhoi tavakkali, ki onho ba past namudani ehtimoliyati az dast dodani dastovardhoi innovatsionii kori ba raqobat tobovar va muflisshavi, kam gardonidani tasirrasonii nomusoid ba natijahoi istehsolot va faoliyati sohibkori ovarda merasonand. Tashakkul dodani sistemai samaranoki sugurtasozii tamomi namudhoi tavakkalkuni, ki imkoni sugurtasozi vujud dorad, ba vositai tashkil namudani jamiyathoi sahhomi.

Rushdi sohibkorii khususiyu davlati, chun shakli dar olam nisbatan pahngardidai sohibkorii omekhta. Sohibkorii khususiyu davlati dar asosi tashkil namudani korkhonahoi omekhta bo istifoda burda shudani zakhirahoi vatanii sarmoyaguzorhoi khususi bo maqsadhoi amali sokhtani barnomahoi rushdi iqtisodiyu ijtimoii nohiya, soha va yo loihahoi sarmoyaguzori. Barpo sokhtani sharoithoi tashkiliyu iqtisodii rushdi guruhhoi moliyaviyu sanoati, ki ba on jo instituthoi sarmoyaguzori, khazinahoi gayridavlatii nafaqavi va khazinahoi sugurtasozii digar tashkilotho, inchunin sokhtorhoi digari sohibkori dokhil megardand.

Jonnok namudani faoliyati berunii iqtisodi dar asosi jori namudani tartibu rejai makhsusi faoliyati samaranokii sohibkori dar doirai mintaqahoi ozodi iqtisodi va rushdi korkhonahoi mushtarak. Rushdi sohibkori va bakhshi khususi dar asosi barpo sokhtani fazoi raqobatnoki bozori bahri korkhonahoi khurdu miyona dar bozori dokhili, ki in barpo sokhtani mekhanizmi tamini rohyobii sohibkoronro ba bozor va ba tavri samaranok pesh burdani faoliyati sohibkoriro talab menamoyad.

Tashkil namudani ittihodiyahoi sohibkoroni khurd va miyona, bahri ba roh mondani omuzishi tajribai hamdigari, daryoft namudan va purzur sokhtani aloqaho dar miyoni korkhonaho. Ittihodiyaho vazifadorand, ki nizomi omuzishro dar sathi nohiya, viloyat dastgiri namoyand va nerui bakhshi khususiro ba tavri samaranok istifoda barand.

Tezonidani rushdi sohibkorii khurd va miyona, havasmandsozii rushdi onho, kor karda baromadani Barnomai davlatii havasmandsozii bargardonidani mutakhassisoni balandikhtisos, korkunoni muhandisiyu tekhniki az khorija ba kishvar. Inchunin istifodabarii vasei bobarori rushdi sohibkori, ki dar digar kishvarhoi taraqqikardaistoda va kishvarhoi hamsoya az sanjish guzashtaand, bo ba hisob giriftashudani sharoithoi mahalli va amali sokhtani imkoniyathoi dokhilii bakhshi khususi.

Tezonidani ravandi rushdi mablagguzorii korkhonahoi khurd va miyona. Azbaski in korkhonaho bonazardoshti mavjudiyati khavf faoliyat menamoyand, in zaruriyati barpo sokhtani sharoithoro bahri tashakkul dodani sarchashmahoi sarmoyai tavakkali purzur menamoyad. To kunun korkhonahoi khurd va miyona bo sababi mavjud nabudani chunin sarchashmaho, chun qoida, bahri mablagguzorii ananavi bo jalb sokhtani sarmoyai qarzi niyoz dorand.

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