To okhiri solkhoi 60-umi asri XIX dar khududi Bukhoroi SHarki yakchand hokimiyati feodalii mustakilu nimmustakil vuchud dosht, ki bo mururi zamon ba amorati Bukhoro hamroh karda shudand. Ba onho nokhiyahoi CHanubu SHarqi va Markazii Tochikiston, az chumla, Hisor, Kulob, Kubodiyon, Qaroteginu Darvoz dokhil meshudand. Hokimiyat dar in mulkho ba tavri merosi ba yakdigar meguzasht. Hokimiyati idorakuni vositai asosii istismor va pakhsh namudani muborizahoi mehnatkashon ba shumor meraft. Badi hamroh va yo istilo shudani in nohiyaho bo hayati idorai mamuri, tamomi amorat ba bekigariho taqsim meshud. Dar mintaqahoi hozirai CHanubu SHarki va Markazii Tochikiston bekigarihoi Hisor, Quronteppa, Qubodiyon, Kulob, Balchuvon, Karoteginu Darvoz vuchud doshtand. Aknun badi istilo namudani nokhiyahoi CHanubu SHarki va Markazii Tochikiston amorati Bukhoro khudro dar chashmi
mardumi musulmoni Osiyoi Miyona davlati baobru
meshumorid. CHunki zaminhoi ziyod, az chumla, az Hisor – 3000 kv.verst, az Kulob – 475 kv. verst va Qarotegin- 9800
kv.verst, az Darvoz 16875 kv.verst zamin ba dast ovard.
(Iskandarov B.I. Vostochnaya Bukhara i Pamir vo vtoroy polovine XIX veka. CH. 2.-S.5).
Dar solhoi bad az istilo namudani kismati Bukhoroi SHarki aholii Bukhoro ba 2 mln. 500 hazor rasida bud. Az in mikdor 250 hazorashro aholii shahr tashkil medod. (Hamroev M. Ocherki istorii Gissarskogo bekstva konsa XIX veka nachala XX veka. – Stalinobod, 1959.-S.7)
Bekigarihoi istiloshudai Kulob bo 25 hazor, Kuronteppa bo 4 hazor, Darvoz bo 3 hazor va Kubodiyon bo 1 hazor nafar aholiashon ba hayati amorat dokhil karda shudand. YAkchand mahallahoi alohidai aholinishin vuchud doshtand, ki dar hayoti iktisodii Bukhoroi SHarki nakshi muayyanro bozidand. «Ba in mahallaho Dushanbe bo 28 hazor khona va Regar bo 7 hazor khona dokhil meshudand». (Gulishambarov S.I. Ekonomicheskiy obzor Turkistanskogo rayona obslujivaemogo Sredneyaziatskoy dorogoy. CH. 1.- Ashkhabad, 1913.- S.203).
SHahrhoi Bukhoroi SHarqi na faqat az shahrhoi Osiyoi Miyona, balki az shahrhoi kismati Garbii Bukhoro fark mekardand. Onkho az markazhoi savdoi va rohhoi aloqa khele dur choy girifta budand. Bo iktisodiyoti kafomondai khud in shahru navohi dar hayoti mardum nakshi na on qadar muhimro bozidand. SHahrhoi in nohiyaho az dehkadaho faqat bo on fark mekardand, ki dar shahrho namoyandagoni amir bo sardorii bek, namoyandagoni savdo, zamindoroni kalon, ruhoniho, kosibon va yak kismi dehqonon zindagi mekardand. Dar yak qator shahrho shunhoi amir choy girifta budand. Namoyandagoni tabaqai boloi tamomi Bukhoroi SHarki az jihati ichtimoi ba yakdigar monandi doshtand.
Amali az hama balandro dar in nohiyaho bek ishgol mekard. Bek namoyandai tabaqai boloii feodalon hisob meshud. Bek az boloi hukumat – bekigari nazorat meburd, va dar zeri itoati u amaldoroni ziyode budand. Bek tamomi hokimiyatro dar dasti khud nigoh doshta, shakhsoni nazdiki khudro sohibi mansab megardonid. Tamomi shakhsoni amaldorro tankho bo rozigii bek va az mansab ozod mekardand. Bad az bek dar choi duyum yordamchii bek, yasavulboshi yo khud devonbegi meistod. Vazifai asosii devonbegi, pesh az hama, az mardum cham ovardani zakot va andozho bud. u yakchand kotibu arbob va yasavulro dar khizmati khud nigoh medosht.
Amali digare, ki dar bekigari vuchud dosht, «mizroi munshi» bud. Odatan ba in vazifa odamoni bosavod va husni khati khub doshta chalb karda meshudand. Vay dar nazdi bek istoda, ba navishtan va rubardorkunii khujjatho mashgul meshud.
YAke az vazifahoe, ki dar bekigari baroi nigoh doshtani tartibot vuchud dosht, in «Mirshab» bud. «Mirshab» ba zammi in, az boloi zindon va mahbusoni on niz nazorat mekard.
«Mirob» boshad, doimo az boloi ob nazorat menamud. Vay dar ikhtiyori khud, yakchand yordamchihoro dosht. Az chumla, «amin», ki khuchaini yak chuybor bud, inchunin «arbob» – nazoratchi va «oksakol» – taqsimkunandai ob, «juybonho»- tozakunandagoni juyho va mirzo, ki dar ikhtiyori «mirob» budand.
Mansabi «amin» boshad, az rui korhoi sokhtmoni nazorat mekard, ki dar ikhtiyori khud yakchand amin dosht.
«Paygirchi» – chamkunandai zakot va savdo va hayvone, ki onhoro baroi furush ba bozor meovarand, ba khisob meraft.
Dar idora kardani hukumati mahali choi zaruriro ruhoniyon megiriftand va korhoi makhkamaro dar ikhtiyor doshtand. CHunin amaldoron dar bekigarihoi nokhiyahoi CHanubu SHarki va Markazii Tochikiston ba 3 kism taqsim meshudand:
.Qozi – ichroishi konunhoi shariatro nazorat burda, dar ikhtiyori khud yakchand mulozim va mirzo dosht.
.Mufti-donandai konunhoi shariat, ki ba dodani rivoyat mashgul bud. Baroi in kor vay muzd megirift. Dar ikhtiyori mufti yakchand khizmatgor va se muharrir budand.
.Rais – nazoratkunandai tartibot az boloi chinoyatkoron va vayronkunandagoni qonunhoi dini islom, vayronkunandagoni savdo, az rui maktabho, tartiboti oilavi va ayraho nazorat meburd. Rais yakchand khizmatgor doshta, ba vositai onho chinoyatkoronro chazo medod. Mulozimonu durradaston dar ikhtiyori u budand.
Ki dar bekigariho az tarafi amiri Bukhoro tain megardid. u doroi malumoti dini buda, dar ayni zamon boyad az avlodi ruhoni boshad.
Az in cho barmeoyad, ki dar Bukhoroi SHarki yagon amaldor ba tavri intikhobi ozod ba sari mansab nameomad. Hamai maqsadu maromi amaldoronu khudi bek, tanho bo rokhi istismori dekhdononu kambaalon ba dast ovardani foidai ziyod bud.
CHi khele ki dar bolo qayd namudem, badi az tarafi Rossiya zabt shudani amorati Bukhoro, mulkhoi feodalii nimmustakili Bukhoroi SHarki ba amorati Bukhoro hamroh shudand. Badi istilo namudani nokhiyahoi CHanubu SHarki va Markazii Tochikiston, dar mintaqahoi asosii in cho garnizonhoi harbi choy doda shudand. Maqsad az choy dodani garnizonhoi harbi mustakhkam kardani mavqei amorat dar khududi in mintaqa bud. «Soli 1871 dar Regar 400 nafar, dar Hisor – 4000 nafar sarboz va 11 tup, dar Kulob 3000 nafar sarbozu 4 tup va Qalai- Humb soli 1878 qarib 5000 sarbozi amir choy girifta budand». (Iskandarov B.I. Iz istorii Bukharskogo emirata.-M., 1958.-S.81).
YAke az mulkhoi kalontarini Bukhoroi SHarki, mulki Hisor bud. Badi istilo shudanash Hisor ba 7 bekigari – Boysun, SHerobod, Dekhnav, YUrgi, Hisor, Kubodiyon, Kurgonteppa taqsim karda shud. Dar hamai in bekigariho, az chumla, dar Hisor niz idorakuni dar asosi idorai umumibukhorogi tashkil karda shud.
YAkubbek dar solhoi hukmronii khud dar Hisor chunon ba bovarii amir Muzaffar daromada bud, ki Muzaffar ba u imtiyozhoi beandoza, az qabili barovardani khukmi katlro doda bud.
Ostonakul boshad, dar zamoni khukmronii khud dar Hisor ba imtiyozhoi nomakhdud noil gardid. Vay yake az shakhshoi boytarini amorati Bukhoro ba shumor meraft. Doroi mikdori ziyodi tillo, yakchand galai asp va ramai gusfand bud. Hamai in boigariyu sarvati tabaqai hukmron az khisobi mardumi zakhmatkashi in mintaqa ba dast meomad.
Dar digar bekigarihoi Bukhoroi SHarki, az chumla, Kulob, Balchuvon, Qubodiyon, Qarotegin va Darvoz niz ahvol chunin bud. Bekigarii Kulob badi istilo ba du kism: bekigarii Kulob va bekigarii Balchuvon taqsim karda shud. Dar khududi bekigarii Kulob chunin amlokdoriho mavchud bud: Muminobod, Kul, Sari CHashma, Girdi Quroni bolo, Girdi Kurgoni poyon, inchunin, shohigarihoi Davlatobod, Tagnov, Kishti darai poyon va Kishti darai bolo, Sarigor, Rogi, Vari va Duob.
Dar bayni amlokdoronu shohigariho obrui ziyodero shoh sohib bud. SHoh metavonist amlokdorhoro az bek kharida girad. YAk qator mulkhoi digarero dar kismati sharkii Kulob kharidoron kharida megiriftand. Haridor ba bek va amir tukhfahoi garonbaho va puli ziyod doda, bad sokhibi okrug meshud. Haridoron, baroi on ki kharochoti sarf kardai khudro pushonad, ba gardani in mardum andozhoi ziyodero bor mekardand va yagon shakhs in kori uro man karda nametavonist.
Gayr az kharidoron, boz ichorakoron vuchud doshtand, ki yagon okrugro ba muhlati muayyan ichora girifta, on mikdor pulro boyad dar muhlati muayyan ba bek mesuporid. Ichorakor metavonist, ki ruzi avvali ba ichra giriftani okrug pulashro suporad. Agar ichorakor in korro sari vakt mekard, khuchaini in okrug ba shumor meraft. Ichorakor to ba okhir rasidani vaqti muayyanshuda tamomi andozhoi choribudaro ba manfiati khud mesitonid. Faqat andozhoro ichorakoron du marotiba ziyod menamudand.
Bekho dar bekigari choi istiqomati makhsus nadoshtand. Onho badi ba in mansab noil gardidan, dar tamomi khududi bekigari gashtu guzor namuda, dar yak mahala muhlati ziyod istiqomat namekard. CHunin korro bek baroi on mekard, ki mabodo bayni beku khalq yagon ziddiyat sar zanad. Bo omadani beki nav, amaldoroni mahali mansabhoi khudro az dast medodand va bo iltimosu tuhfahoi az had ziyod boz ba mansabashon sohib meshudand. Beki nav omada, az amaldoron baroi oro dodani khonai nav tuhfaho talab mekard. Amlokdoron boshand, az hisobi gorat namudani aholii ba bek tuhfaho meovardand. Az soli 1877 to soli 1905 dar Kulob 19-to bek ivaz shudand. Az tez-tez ivaz shudani bekho ahvoli khalq beh namegardid.
YAke az markazhoi mamurii digar bekigari Kuronteppa bud. Bad az ba amorat dokhil kardani Bukhoroi SHarqi hokimiyati Kulob mahdud karda shuda, Kuronteppa viloyati mustakil gardid. Az solhoi 70-umi asri XIX to sarnagun shudani amorati Bukhoro kalamravi vay betagiyr monda bud. Bekigarii Qurgonteppa az amlokdorii khudi Kurgonteppa, Saroy va CHilikul iborat bud. Dar sari amlokdoriho amlokdor meistod. Dar nazdi amlokdorho mirzoho, mirob va digar amlokdoron khizmat mekardand. Asosan amlokdoron bo farmoni bek tain megardid.
Kubodiyon boshad, badi ba amorati Bukhoro hamroh namudani Bukhoroi SHarki, az Kulob judo karda shud va dar idorai vay digarguniho ba vujud omad. Qubodiyon az qishloq hej farke nadosht. Faqat hamin, ki vay nisbatan vase buda, doroi bozor bud. Az jihati hudud, aholii nisbati digar bekigarihoi Bukhoroi SHarki khurd bud. Dar in bekigari kozi, dar navbati khud Rais ham ba shumor meraft. Bekigarii Kubodiyon ba du amlokdori judo meshud. In amlokdorii Beshkent va Besh-CHarbon budand. «Az rui nishondodi
ruykhate, ki ba amir peshnihod namuda budand, dar bekigarii Kubodiyon yak mirokhur, yak karovulbegi, se mirzoboshi va 15 amaldoroni khurd vujud doshtand».
CHi khele ki dar bobi guzashta zikr shud, tiramohi soli 1877 kushunhoi amir tahti farmondehii Hudoynazar – dodkhoh ba sarhadi hokimgarii Qarotegin dokhil shud. Ba shikast khurdani hokimiyati merosii Qarotegin dar in jo bekigari tasis yoft. YAkumin beke, ki dar in jo ba kor sar kard, khudi Hudoynazar-dodkhoh bud. Hudoynazar-dodkhoh bo farmoni amir Muzaffar dar Qarotegin bek tain gardida bud.
Bekigarii Karotegin ba 10 amlokdori taqsim shuda, dar navbati khud in amlokdoriho ba 34 miri hazora taqsim meshudand.
Az soli 1878 Darvoz boshad, ba amorat dokhil karda shud, dar in jo bekigari tasis yoft. Az sababi on ki Hudoynazar- dodkhoh beki Qarotegin dar ishol namudani Darvoz rohbari kushunhoi Bukhoro bud, uro amir beki Darvoz elon namud. Vale Hudoynazar-dodkhoh dar in jo der hukmroni nakard. CHunki tiramohi soli 1878 pisari Hudoynazarro baroi jam namudani andozi solona ba nazdi qirgizhoi sokhilhoi Omudaryo firistodand. Vay andozi ziyode jam namuda, bo hamrohonash ba Afniston gurekht. Gurekhtani pisari Hudoynazar-dodkhoh boisi az mansab dur gardidani padar gardid va ba joi u beki Darvoz Abdurakhmon-Hochabek tain gardid. Bekigarii Darvoz ba 4 amlokdori CHildara, Tavildara, Vakhyoi bolo va Sagirdasht taqsim meshud. Vale badtar yak qator tadkiqotchiyon, az jumla Laptinov N., ki tarikhi pesh az inkilobii Darvozro omukhta bud, ba chunin khulosa omad: «Dar hayati bekigarii Darvoz amlokdorihoi CHildara, Tavildara, Dalchir, Sagirdasht, Vanj, Maydon, Qalai Humb, SHikay, Kuf, Hangon va du kismati digar YAzgulom va Tangshiv dokhil meshudand». (Laptinov N. Ekonomicheskoe sostoyanie Darvazskogo bekstva i osnovanie zanyatiya ego gasileniya. – Dushanbe, 1958.- S.50).
Usuli idorai amorat, ki pesh az istiloi khukumati podshokhi mavjud bud, be hech guna tagirot davom kardan girift. On sokhti idorakunie, ki dar amorat vujud dosht, aknun dar Bukhoroi SHarki jori gardida budand. Amorati Bukhoro az 27 bekigari iborat buda, ba har yake az onkho bek, qozi, Rais va mufti az tarafi amir tain karda meshud. Bek meboist korhoi davlati, mamuri va ziroatiro idora mekard, qozi dar asosi shariat korhoi makhkamaro ba jo meovard, Rais az tarafi aholii ijro shudani farmoishoti dinu shariatro nazorat menamud va mufti donandai konunhoi shariat, durusti va nodurustii in va yo on hodisaro fakhmonda medod.
Hamai in kason dar navbati avval va asosan manfiati doirahoi khukmron va foidahoi shakhsii khudro tamin mekardand. Bekkho, ki ba vositai amlokdorho va digar odamoni khud korhoi zamin va moliya, jam kardani khiroj va ayraro idora menamudand, dar halli in masalaho komilan khudsarona amal mekardand, az aholii chi sitondan va ba khazina suporidani onhoro kase taftish namekard.
Mingboshi, amin, oqsaqol va arbobho, ki ba sifati namoyandai aholi tain meshudand, odatan ba kirdori hokim va beku amaldoroni amir payravi mekardand. In hol boisi rivochi goratgari va porakhuri gardida, ba iktisodiyot zarbai sakht mezad. Zindagonii be in ham sangini akhli mekhnatro ba darachai toqatfarso merasonid.
Amorati Bukhoro, Bukhoroi SHarkiro chun mustamlikai khud karor doda, dar in cho nazar ba kismi arbii amorat tartiboti sakhtare chori namud. Ashrofonu nukarho, zamindoroni kalonu ruhoniyon va boyho ba takyagokhi amorat tabdil yofta budand. Ba in guruhhoi istismorkunanda az mirokhur to dodkhoh har guna rutba va mansabho doda meshud. Mansabhoi olitar faqat ba sipokhiyoni darbori amir bakhshish megardid. Amir ba ivazi maosh ba in sipohiyon andozi tamomi yak deharo mebakhshid. Sipokhiyone, ki doroi chunin mukofot megardidand, «tankhoh» -dor menomidand. Dekhqononi chunin dehaho ba foidai tankhoh kor mekardand. Tankhokhhur metavonist dukhtaroni in dehahoro furad, ba zani girad, havlihoi devdononro kashida girad va harchi khohad mekard. Haridu furushi mansabho ba tarzi ruyrost avch, girifta budand. CHunin kharidu furushi mansabho boz ham ahvoli khalki kambaalro bad megardonid. Solhoe, ki dar Qarotegin hokimoni amir Almosbek (1886-1892) va
Muhammadmurod – parvonachi (1842-1904) khukmroni
mekardand, kharidu furushi mansabu vazifa va unvonu rutba qarib ki ba rasmiyat daromada bud. Baroi nukari oddi shudan 1200-3000 tanga rishva dodan lozim bud. Agar in guna nukar dar shakhr yo qalae ba khizmati harbi tain meshud, az har guna andoz ozod karda shuda, gayr az in baroi tamini maosh ba ikhtiyorash du «buna» – khochagii devdoni doda meshud. Agar nukar khudash zaminu bogu havli doshta boshad, dar in surat ba vay «buna» doda nameshud, vale yagon andoz az u sitonida nameshud». Mansabi karovulbegi khele kimmat 2-4 hazor tanga meistod. Ba ikhtiyori karovulbegi 4 «buna» doda meshud. Qarovulbegie, ki dar khizmati amir boshadu dar ayni hol molu mulku zamin doshta boshad, uvdador bud, ki ba foidai khazinai amir ushr (dakhyaki hosil) va «amal», yane 21 tanga khirochi zaminro dihad». (Madjlisov A. Agrarnie otnosheniya v Vostochnoy Bukhare v XIX nachale XX veka.- Dushanbe-Alma-Ata, 1967.-S.71).
Hamin tavr, tamomi mansabho, az chumla, mansabi mirokhur 3-5 hazor tanga, ba ikhtiyorash 4-10 «buna», tuksabo 510 hazor tanga, ba ikhtiyorash 100 «buna», mansabi elikboshi 615 hazor tanga, ba ikhtiyorash 150-200 «buna» furukhta meshud.
Nihoyat, mansabi «biy», ki onro khudi amir medod (digar mansabhoi az in poinro khudi beki Qarotegin mefurukht va az in kharidu furush hatto amirro khabardor namekard) to 300 «buna» megiriftand, ki onhoro istismor karda, kusuri kharochotashonro mebarovardand.
Mansabu rutbahoi dini niz dar hama nokhiyahoi CHanubu SHarki va markazii Tochikiston, ki ba hayati Bukhoroi SHarki dokhil meshudand, furukhta meshudand. Huquki dodani mansabu unvoni qozikalon, du noibi on va Rais ba amir taaluq dosht va dar in bobat faqat amir yarlik doda metavonist. Mansabhoi poyoniro khudi bek taqsim mekard. Har kase, ki beshtar pora medod, sokhibi khukuku imkoniyati beshtare meshudu takdiri sadkho dehqononu kosibonro hal mekard. Hangomi dodani vazifa sifathoi shakhs qobiliyati vay mutlaqo ba nazar girifta nameshud. Dar hamai digar bekigariho vaziyat chunin bud. (YUsuf SH. Ocherki istorii Kulyabskogo bekstva v konse XIX i nachale HHvv.- Dushanbe,1964.- S.38-39).
Albatta in guna tartibot ba mamuroni amir makul va muvofiki tab bud. Onho dar khurdtarin mansab istoda, dar zarfi 2-3 sol sarvati ziyode cham mekardand.
Hokimoni viloyathoi nokhiyahoi CHanubu SHarki va Markazii Tochikiston dar goratu tahkiri aholii haddu kanor nadoshtand.
Инчунин кобед
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