Toj.su
Zeri mafhumi sokhti guruhi khurd,
sokht va khususiyathoi mavjudai mu-
nosibathoi baynihamdigarii azo-
yoni on dar nazar doshta meshavad.
Dar navbati khud sokht va munosibathoi bayniham-
digarii azoyoni guruh bo mafhumhoi zerin tavsif doda
meshavand: kompozitsiya, rohhoi aloqabarqarorkuni, tar-
kib va taqsimi naqshho, namudhoi vazifahoi guruh, sar-
vari va munosibathoi shakhsi.
Kompozitsiya – in hayati guruhi khurd meboshad, ki
az rui tavsifdihandahoi fardiyu psikhologii azoyoni on
muayyan karda meshavad. Agar azoyoni guruh vobasta ba
khususiyathoi psikhologiashon ba hamdigar monand boshand,
in guna guruh az rui kompozitsiyaash yaktarkiba (gomogeni)
nomida meshavad; agar azoyoni guruh vobasta ba khususi-
yathoi psikhologiashon az hamdigar farq kunand, in guna
guruh az rui kompozitsiyaash gunoguntarkiba (geterogeni)
mahsub meyobad.
Vobasta ba yaktarkiba yo gunoguntarkiba budani
guruh kompozitsiyai onro az rui khususiyati dilkhohi psi-
khologi baho dodan mumkin ast. Dar voqe, in guna
bahodihi odatan az rui khususiyathoi psikhologii baroi
muttahidii guruh, baroi bayni azoyoni guruh barpo
namudani munosibathoi khubi shakhsi va kori, baroi ba-
land bardoshtani mahsulnokii faoliyati kori va g.
muhim amali karda meshavad. Holati ba kompozitsiya
nazdik, muvofiqat yo nomuvofiqii psikhologii guruh ba
shumor meravad.
Muvofiqati psikhologi khosi guruhero meboshad, ki
azoyoni on bo zudi bo hamdigar uns girifta, dar halli
masalahoi gunogun bo osoni bo ham zabon meyoband, mud-
dati tuloni be ikhtilof ahlona koru faoliyat menamo-
yand. Az nigohi psikhologi guruhhoi yaktarkiba az rui kom-
pozitsiyaashon nisbat ba guruhhoi gunoguntarkiba beshtar
bo ham muvofiqand.
Rohhoi aloqabarqarorkuni gufta robitahoi bay-
nishakhsii azoyoni
guruhro menomand, ki tavassuti onho malumothoi
gunogun bayni hamdigar radu badal karda meshavad. Miyo-
ni sokhti gunoguni rohhoi aloqabarqarorkuni robitahoi
tipikii az nuqtai nazari amaliya va nazariyai faoliyati
guruhhoi khurd jolibro judo kardan mumkin ast.
Dar naqshai 3 du sokhti asosii rohhoi aloka-
barqarorkuni: A mar kazonidshuda, B markazo nidana-
shuda dar se shakl tasvir karda shudaast. Sokhti markazo-
nidashuda bo on tavsif doda meshavad, ki dar on akhbor
bayni azoyoni guruh tavassuti yake az onho pahn karda me-
shavad. Sokhti rohi gayrimarkazonidashuda boshad, mar-
kazi yagonai khabarpahnkuni nadorad.
Sokhti markazonidashuda dar navbati khud ba se sokh-
ti az hamdigar farqkunanda taqsim meshavad: a) ru ba ru,
b) radiali va v) ierarkhi. Sokhti ru ba ru bo on farq meku-
nad, ki hatto azoyoni dar shafati hamdigar buda ham im-
koniyati bo yakdigar muoshirat kardanro nadorand va in
amalro onho tanho tavassuti yak nafar, masalan, rohbar yo
sarvar anjom doda metavonand. Dar sokhti radialii
aloqabarqarorkuni niz akhborot tavassuti yak nafar pahn
meshavad va farqiyat dar on ast, ki azoyoni guruh ba ham-
digar malumot doda istoda, hamdigarro metavonand
nabinand yo nashinosand. Sokhti ierarkhii aloqabarqaror-
kuni bo on farq mekunad, ki dar on akhborot yo az bolo ba
poyon, yo az poyon ba bolo zina ba zina naql karda meshavad.
Masalan, agar azoi guruhi zinai 1 rohbar yo sarvar
boshadu dar zinai 2 jonishin yo yordamchii u istad, on goh
azoyoni boqimondai dar zinai 3 joygirshuda bo rohbar
tanho tavassuti jonishin yo yordamchii u robita karda me-
tavonand.
Sokhti markazonidanashudai usulhoi
aloqabarqarorkuni niz se shaklro dorand: a) zanjiravi,
b) davravi, v) purra. SHakli zanjiri bo on tavsif doda
meshavad, ki dar on akhborot tanho ba yak samt az yak nafar
ba nafari digar doda meshavad. Dar ayni hol malumoti
naql namudai shakhs takroran ba khudi u barnamegardad.
Dar shakli davravi bar khilofi shakli zanjiri malumot
ba tavri davri naql shuda, ba khudi hamon yak azo chandin
marotiba bargashta metavonad. Nihoyat, shakli purra bo
on farq mekunad, ki dar on azoyoni guruh ba hamdigar
ozodona malumot doda metavonand.
Naqshi shakhs dar guruh yo naqshi umumii guruhho
gufta, on chizero menomand, ki azoi guruh dar jarayoni
faoliyati yakjoya boyad onro ijro namoyad. Naqshho vobasta
ba shumorai azoyoni guruh, khususiyat va sharthoi ijroi
faoliyat gunogun meshavand. Naqshho bayni azoyoni
guruh tarze taqsim karda meshavand, ki guruh dar yakjoyagi
az uhdai ijroi suporishi ba dush doshtaash baroyad. Har yak
azo boyad naqshi khudro khub donad va dar borai naqshi di-
garon malumoti kofi doshta boshad. Naqshho bayni azo-
yoni guruh zimni ikhtiyori, ba tavri qarori qabulkardai
guruh yo bo tavsiyai rohbar taqsim karda meshavad. Hamin
tariq, guruhhoi gunogun az hamdigar na tanho az rui shu-
moraashon, balki az rui taqsimoti naqshho niz farq me-
kunand.
Masalahoi hal menamudai guruhho niz, gunogun
meshavand. Namudhoi zerini masalahoro az ham farq me-
kunand: taqsimshavanda, taqsimnashavanda, dizyunktivi,
konyunktivi.
Masalahoi taqsimshavanda gufta, masalahoero
menomand, ki bayni azoyoni guruh taqsim kardani on im-
konpazir ast va har yak azoi guruh imkoniyati mustaqilo-
na, ba ham tasirnarasonda hal namudani onro dorad. In
guna masalaho odatan ba guruhhoi koaktivi khos mebo-
shad. Masalahoi taqsimnashavandaro boshad bayni azo-
yoni guruh taqsim kardan gayriimkon ast. Onro boyad
hamai azoyoni guruh dar yakjoyagi bo ijroi naqshhoi judo-
gona va bohamtasirasonanda hallu fasl namoyand.
Masalahoi mazkur beshtar dar guruhhoi interaktivi di-
da meshavand.
Dizyunktivi – in masalahoe meboshand, ki agar az
hamai azoyoni guruh aqallan yak nafar onro hal namoyad,
vay az jonibi tamomi guruh hal kardashuda hisobida me-
shavad. Konyunktivi – in masalahoe meboshand, ki dar
surati az jonibi hamai azoyoni guruh hal nakardan, vay
halnoshuda hisobida meshavad. Agar aksariyat hal namoyan-
du yak nafar az uhdai halli on nabaroyad, masala halno-
shuda hisobida meshavad.
Guruhhoi khurdro az rui kharakter va usuli sarvari
va az rui munosibati sarvar bo azoyoni guruh, az ham-
digar farq mekunand. Masalan, guruhhoe mavjudand, ki
dar onho faqat yak nafar shakhsi sohibehtirom sarvari
komil ast; guruhhoi digare ham vujud dorand, ki onho du
va yo ziyoda sarvar dorand. Munosibati baynihamdigarii
in sarvarho az hamkoriyu muvofiqat to ikhtilofu ni-
zohoro dar bar megirad. Usuli rohbarii sarvarho niz
gunogun shuda metavonad: avtoritari, demokrati va libe-
rali. Hudi sarvarho niz vobasta ba khususiyathoi fardii
khud az hamdigar ba kulli farq karda metavonand. «Sar-
vari in ravandest, ki dar rafti on shakhsi alohida ba di-
gar azoyoni guruh bahri rasidan ba maqsadhoi guruh,
kumak merasonad».
Dar guruh munosibathoi baynishakhsi dar shaklhoi
zerin amali megardad: shakhsi va kori, rasmi va gayriras-
mi, koordinatsioni va subordinatsioni, ratsionali va
emotsionali. Guruhhoi khurd vobasta ba sokht va khususi-
yathoyashon az hamdigar farq mekunand. Dar baze guruhho
munosibati shakhsi, dar digarash munosibati kori va dar
seyumash munosibatim rasmi va g. bartari dorad.
Har yak guruhi khurd fenomenologiyai ba khud khosro
doro meboshad. Dar qatori on hodisahoe, ki psikhologon
hangomi omuzishi guruhhoi khurd qayd kardaand, ba mo-
nandi: sarvari, munosibathoi baynishakhsi, mutashakkili,
muvofiqati psikhologi va g., hamchunin qoida va meyorhoi
umumiguruhi, qaror, mavqei guruhi, fishorovarii guruhi,
mukholifati guruhi, muhiti psikhologi va sharoithoi sa-
marabakhshi faoliyati guruhiro az ham farq mekunand.
Meyorhoi guruhi gufta, qoidahoero menomand, ki
onho asosi mavjudiyati guruhro tashkil medihand. In qo-
idaho pahluhoi gunoguni sokht va faoliyati guruh: hayat
va taqsimoti naqshho, raftori sarvar, va azoyoni
boqimondai guruh; munosibathoi shakhsi va korii onhoro
faro girifta metavonad. Odatan, dar guruhhoi navtash-
kil hej guna meyorhoi guruhi vujud nadorad. In guna
meyorho dar barobari taraqqiyoti guruh pay dar pay gird
omada ustuvor meshavand. Dar guruhhoi olitaraqqi, khusu-
san kollektiv, in guna meyorho hatman mavjudand. Asosi
mavjudiyat va ba raftori azoyoni guruh tasir rasonida-
ni onho dar on zohir meshavad, ki azoyoni guruh in
meyorhoro qabul dorand yo nadorand va dar munosibathoi
baynihamdigari onro rioya mekunand yo ne. On chize, ki az
jonibi aksariyat yo hama rioya karda meshavad, odatan ba
meyori guruh muvofiqat mekunad; on chize ki aksariyat yo
hama onro rad mekunand, ba meyorhoi muayyannamudai
guruh muvofiqat namekunad. CHun qoida, hamon nafare
sarvari guruh meshavad, ki raftori u nisbat ba digaron
doshtaba meyorhoi guruh beshtar muvofiqat mekunad. Dar
barobari in, khudi sarvar agar dar guruhi mazkur mavqei
iftikhori doshta boshad, u meyorhoi navi guruhro tartib
doda metavonad.
Meyorhoi dokhiliguruhi bo qarorhoi az jonibi
guruh qabulshavanda aloqai zich dorad. Zeri in mafhum
tasiri musbat yo manfii ba hamdigar rasonandai azoyoni
guruh dar nazar doshta meshavad. Qarorhoi musbat nisho-
nai dastgiri, etirofnamoi, pisandidan, bolo burdani
mavqe va amalhoi digar ast, ki nisbati shakhsi dakhldor
qabul karda meshavad. Qarorhoi manfi nishonai etiroz,
past zadan, dastgiri nakardan, dar
robita nashudan va g. nisbati shakhsi dakhldor mebo-
shad.
Majmui qarorhoi dar guruh qabulshavanda bo
meyorhoi akhloqii on aloqamand buda, pesh az hama ba
shakhsone dakhl dorad, ki bo amalu raftori khud in
meyorhoro yo dastgiri mekunand yo ba on mukholifat mena-
moyand.
Mavqe gufta, maqomi ishgolkardai in yo on azoi
guruhro menomand. Ayni zamon na maqomi rasmii ishgol-
kardai in yo on azoi guruh, balki maqomi gayrirasmii u
dar sokhti munosibathoi shakhsi, gayrirasmi yo emotsiona-
lii baynihamdigarii dokhiliguruhi dar nazar doshta
shudaast. Hamin tariq, shakhs dar guruh hamon vaqt maqomi
balandro sohib meshavad, ki agar uro hurmatu ehtirom va
etirof kunand, dust dorand va bo u khushu guvoro munosi-
bat namoyand. SHakhse sohibi maqomi past meshavad, ki
sohibehtirom nest, az jonibi azoyoni guruh qadr karda
nameshavad va uro dust namedorand. Odatan sarvaron do-
roi maqomi az hama balandand, maqomhoi miyonayu poyoni
vobasta ba munosibat va raftori azoyoni guruh bayni
onho taqsim karda meshavad. Har yak azoi guruh maqomi
khosi khudro dorad, vale on doimi nest: bo mururi zamon
tagyir yofta, gohe baland va gohe past meshavad.
Maqom yo mavqei shakhsro bo yorii metodhoi sotsio-
metri muayyan mekunand. Bo yorii testhoi mazkur munosi-
bati baynihamdigarii azoyoni guruh, vazi dokhilii on
va g. omukhta meshavad.
Mutashakkilii guruh – in tavsifdihandai munosi-
bathoi korii azoyoni guruh, uhdabaroi, ba khususiyati
masalai muhokimashavanda va sharoithoi faoliyat mu-
tobiq shuda tavonistani onho meboshad. Guruh hamon vaqt
mutashakkil hisobida meshavad, ki agar suporishhoi ba
uhda doshtai guruh bayni azoyoni on vozehu ravshan
taqsim shuda boshad, shakhsoni alohida bo mahorati baland
ba hamdigar kumak rasonida tavonand, dar vaziyathoi
favquloddai zaruri az uhdai bo zudi ivaz kardani
naqshhoi hamdigar baroyand va samaranokii balandi
faoliyati guruhi tamin karda shavad.
Fishorovarii guruhi gufta, tasirrasonii psikho-
logii azoyoni guruhro ba azo yo azoyoni alohida meno-
mand. Masalan, aksariyati azoyoni guruh halli in yo on
masalaro tarafdori namuda, aqalliyatro majbur mena-
moyand, ki in qarorro dastgiri namoyand. Aksariyati azo-
yoni guruh dar in yo on vaziyat ba qarore omada, aqalli-
yatro majbur menamoyand, to ki onho niz chunin raftor ku-
nand. Masalai fishorovarii guruhi bo hodisai kon-
formizm aloqamand meboshad.
Mukholifati guruhi inikoskunandai holate mebo-
shad, ki dar on fikru aqidai azoyoni guruh az rui in yo on
masala kullan bo ham muvofiq nameoyad va azoyoni guruh
ba zerguruhhoe taqsim meshavand, ki har yaki on andeshai
ba aqidai zerguruhi digar muqobilro pushtiboni mena-
moyad. Dar in guna holat zerguruhi sozishkunanda vujud
doshta nametavonad, zero vaziyati baamalomada kasero
betaraf namemonad.
Mafhumi muhiti psikhologii guruh dar adabiyothoi
ilmiyu adabi
khelo ziyod istifoa shuda boshad ham, ba yak mano
tarif doda nashudaast. Dar majmu zeri mafhumi muhi-
ti psikhologii guruh baze umumiyathoi psikhologii azoyo-
ni guruh va munosibathoi onho fahmida meshavad. Muhi-
ti psikhologi musoid (solim) va nomusoid (nosolim)-ro
farq mekunand.
Muhite, ki dar on azoyoni guruh imkoniyati
hamajoniba nishon dodani khudro dorand, muhiti musoid
va dar aksi hol muhiti nomusoid nomida meshavad. Han-
gomi mavjudiyati munosibathoi khubi shakhsiyu kori dar
guruh muhiti psikhologi hamchun muhiti solim va dar ho-
lati baraks, hamchun muhiti nosolim arzyobi karda mesha-
vad. Malum ast, ki guruhi darajai taraqqiyotash oli –
kollektiv doroi muhiti musoidu solimi psikhologi buda,
guruhi taraqqiyotash past boshad, doroi muhiti nomusoidu
nosolim meboshad.
Bo vujudi in, hangomi muayyan kardani muhiti psi-
khologii guruh va kushodani mohiyati on khususan, hangomi
istifodai metodhoi muayyani omuzish malum meshavad,
ki muallifonu tadqiqotchiyon muhiti psikhologiro ba ta-
vri gunogun sharhu ezoh dodaand. Masalan, iqtisodchiyon
hangomi omuzishi muhiti psikhologii guruh hatman ba
janbahoi iqtisodi, huquqshinoson ba janbahoi huquqi,
jomeashinoson ba janbahoi ijtimoii faoliyati umumi-
guruhi etibor dodaand. Dar navbati khud, psikhologon
hangomi tadqiqi muhiti psikhologii guruh ba meyorhoi
dokhiliguruhi – munosibathoi baynishakhsii azoyoni
guruh takya namudaand. Az in ru, ayni zamon tarifi yago-
nai mafhumi muhiti psikhologi vujud nadorad.
Zeri sharti mahsulnokii faoliyati umumiguruhi
tavsifi khususiyatu holathoe fahmida meshavad, ki muvaf-
faqiyatnokii faoliyati guruh az on vobasta meboshad. Ba
in sokht khususiyathoi guruhie, ki mo dar ogozi in paragraf
dida baromadem: hajm, kompozitsiya, usulhoi robitana-
moi, shaklhoi masalahoi guruhi, sarvari va munosi-
bathoi baynishakhsi dokhil meshavad. Vobasta ba on ki ma-
fhumi guruh chiro ifoda mekunad, dar kadom sharoit
faoliyat dorad, chi guna masalahoi mushakhkhasro hal me-
namoyad, shartu sharoiti mahsulnokii on gunogun shuda me-
tavonad. Dar asosi tadqiqothoi guzaronidashuda, me-
todhoi ziyodi omuzishi amalii kor bo guruhho tartib doda
shudaand, ki imkoniyathoi bolo burdani mahsulnokii
faoliyati guruhiro sharhu ezoh medihand. Inho breyns-
torgming, sinektika va metodi psikhoterapiyai guruhi me-
boshad.
Breynstorming gufta, usuli tashkil namudani kor-
burdi guruhiero menomand, ki baroi baland bardoshtani
mahsulnokii faoliyati guruhi va bartaraf namudani
kambudihoi khalalrasonandai bo mushkilihoi munosi-
bathoi baynishakhsi aloqamand ravona karda shudaast.
Hangomi istifodai tekhnikai brenstorming bayni har yak
azoi guruh ijroi naqshhoi tanqidgaron, sudyaho, mas-
lihatdihandagon, ijrokunandagon va gayra vozehu ravshan
taqsim karda meshavad. Har yak azoi guruh naqshi khudro
ijro karda istoda, haq nadorad, ki az doirai faoliyatash
berun baroyad. Ijroi naqshho az rui naqshai muayyani pe-
shaki tarhrezishuda surat girifta, amalhoi past zadan,
tahqir kardan va ba izzati nafsi hamdigar rasidan
qatiyan man karda meshavad.
Tekhnikai sinetiki gufta, tashkili faoliyati
yakjoyai guruhiero menomand, ki hayati on bomaqsad va
boshuurona az shakhsoni khususiyathoi farqkunandai psikho-
logi doshta tarkib doda shudaast. Dar jarayoni kor kushish
karda meshavad, ki baroi halli masalai peshnihodsha-
vanda, ishtirokchiyoni on andeshahoi gunogunro ibroz do-
rand va pushtiboni namoyand. Takhmin karda meshavad, ki
bo in vosita rohi durusti halli masalaro yoftan oson-
tar meshavad.
Psikhoterapiyai umumigurihi gufta, metodero meno-
mand, ki dar jarayoni on psikholog yo psikhoterapevt bo
guruhi odamoni ba yorii u ehtiyojmand kor mebarad. Dar
ayni hol bo maqsadi tasirrasonihoi psikhoterapevti
donishhoi az omuzishi guruhhoi khurd badastomada isti-
foda burda meshavad.
Muallifoni avvalini tabobati psikhoterapevti
hamon tadqiqotchiyone ba shumor meravand, ki avvalin
shuda ba omuzishi protsesshoi psikhologii guruhhoi khurd
dast zadand. Ayni zamon namudhoi gunoguni tabobati
psikhoterapevtii guruhi mamuland va onho: T-guruhho,
geshtaltgruhho, guruhi terapiyai jismoni, guruhi tera-
piyai bikhoveriali, guruhi terapiyai sanat va gayra.
