Tashakkuli afkori psikhologi dar

Afkori psikhologii mutafak-
kironi tojiku fors doroi
tarikhi besh az du hazorsola
meboshad va on dar barobari
tashakkulu inkishofi donishhoi falsafi rushdu numu
yoftaast. Aqidahoi zardushtiya, monaviya va mazdakiya, ki
dar ahdi boston rivoj doshtand, sarshor az manihoi fal-
safivu psikhologi budand.

Boyad qayd kard, ki afkori psikhologi dar mutafak-
kironi tojiku fors makhsusan dar asrhoi IX -XV – i me-
lodi, yane dar davroni jomeai feodali beshtar imkoni-
yati ziyod paydo kard. Islom hamchun dini hukmron dar in-
kishofi puravji afkori falsafiyu psikhologi naqshi mu-
ayyani khudro niz guzoshta ast. In ast, ki yak zumra olimonu
faylasufoni boistedod, monandi Ibni Sino, Ab-
durayhoni Beruni, Nosiri Hisrav, Nasriddini Tusi, Za-
kariyoi Rozi, Abduhomid Gazoli, Forobi va digaron ba
maydoni ilm omadand va bo omuzishi masalahoi falsa-
fiyu psikhologi mashgul shudand.

Maktabhoi peshin surat va sirati tozaro megi-
riftand va ba tashakkulu raviyahoi navi falsafi zamina
meguzoshtand. Ba in vosita, maktabhoi mashhuri ilmii
dahriya, falsafai ashobi hayulo, mashoiya, kalom, tasav-
vuf, ikhvon-us-safo, ismoiliya va g. arzi vujud namudand.
Minbad, rivoju ravnaqi afkori falsafivu psikhologii
tojiku fors dar aloqmandii qavi bo nazariyoti falsafii
Hinduston, Hitoy va YUnon surat megirad. Dar nimai
duyumi asri XIX maktabi navi maorifparvari zuhur
kard, ki dar tashakkuli afkori psikhologi va pedagogii
on naqshi farhangi mutaraqqii ris baso buzurg bud.

Tarikhi afkori psikhologii tojik pesh az hama bo
dini zardushtiya va kitobi muqaddasi on «Avesto»
aloqamand ast. Zardushtiya – dinest, ki dar nimai yakumi
hazorai 1-i to melod dar hududi imruzai Osiyoi Miyona va
Afgonistoni SHimoli paydo shuda, sipas dar Eron va
SHarqi Nazdik pahn gardidaast.

Zardushtiya dar tuli asrho dar natijai tagyiri sha-
roiti ijtimoiyu siyosi ba digarguniho duchor omad. Az
asri 7 sar karda, islom hamchun dini hukmron elon gar-
did. Zardushtiyon taqib karda meshudand. YAk qismi onho
ba Hinduston firor karda, holo dar on jo bo nomi
porsho va qismi digarashon (dar Eron) bo nomi gabrho
mashhurand.

«Avesto» hamchun shohasari muqaddasi Zardushtiya,
iborat ast az panj kitob: «YAsno» – majmui duohoi guno-
guni zardushtiya; «Visparad» – majmui duohoe, ki hangomi
ibodat khonda meshudand; «YAshtho» – majmui dostonhoi si-
toishi dar vasfi ezidi zardushtiya; «Vandidod» – majmui
qonunhoi dini va huquqi ziddi devon; «Hurd-Avesto» –
majmui duohoe, ki har yak zardushti onhoro dar namoz,
tahorat va umuman ruzgori khud istifoda mekard.

Janbai asosii jahonbinii zardushtiyaro munosibati
akhloqi namudan ba olam tashkil medihad. On dar mubori-
zai du quvvai bo ham ziddu oshtinopaziri neki va badi –
Hurmuz va Ahriman zohir megardad. Murod az muborizai
in du quvva benyodi olame meboshad, ki insoni nekandesh
dar on maqsadi asosii ofarinish mahsub meyobad. Dar
nihodi har yak fardi bashar quvvai foilae (nafs yo aql)
mavjud ast, ki tavassuti on inson kamoloti jismonivu
manavi yofta metavonad. Az in ru, goyai asosi dar Zardu-
shtiya – in Guftori nek, Raftori nek va Pindori nek ast.
Binobar in, inson boyad hamai khislathoi fosidu razilro
az shakhsiyati khud dur namoyad va ruy ba insoni nekguftor,
nekraftor va nekpindor shudan nihad. Az in jo baroi har
du quvva simohoi khos tain shudaast, ki yake Ahuramazdo
(simoi neki) va digari Ahriman (simoi badi) meboshand.

Zardusht dar «YAsno» bo zaboni shoirona mepursad:
«Kist padari rosti?»; «Kist ofarandai rushnoii sud-
bakhsh?»; «Kist ofarandai farishtai mehru muhabbat?»,
«Kist, ki az rui donishu khirad ehtiromi padar dar dili
pisar nihod?». Dar javobi hamai in nomi Ahuramazdo ba
zabon girifta meshavad.

Talimoti falsafii zardushtiya khususiyati digarro
dorad, zero vujudi du mabdai mustaqil (mabdai ruh, khayru
shar»-ro etirof mekunad. Bo mururi zamon, jahonbinii
dugonaparasti ba jahonbinii yaktoparasti (monaviya)
mubaddal gashtaast. Hamin tavr, jahonbinii monaviya ta-
shakkul yoft.

Monaviya – talimoti dinist, ki dar asri 3 dar
SHarqi Nazdik ba vujud omada, ba zudi dar bisyor mamla-
katho – az Italiya sar karda, to Hitoy intishor yofta bud.
In talimot bo nomi asosguzorash Moni (216-277)
mashhur gardidaast. Monaviya sintezi zardushtiya va ma-
sehiyat meboshad. Asosi monaviya dugonaparstii zardushti,
etirofi du quvvai azalii bo ham zid – nuru zulmot,
khayru shar meboshad. Muborizai bayni onho bo galabai
olami nur ba anjom rasida, dar natija ruh az jism (mod-
da) judo meshavad. Moni ruhro abadi medonist va talim
medod, ki vazifai inson ruhi rushnoiro az ruhi toriki
raho dodan ast. In talabotro bo rohi parhezgori, zohidi,
gushanishini va tarki dunyo kardan ba dast ovardan mum-
kin ast.

Dar talimoti monaviya masalai idrok yo khud
marifat joyi muayyanro dorad. U bovarii komil dorad,
ki inson faqat bo sharofati marifat namudan pokii
botinashro tamin namuda metavonad.

Monigi dar tashakkuli afkori ijtimoiyu psikhologi
va falsafai khalqhoi eroninajod naqshi muhime bozid,
baroi dar okhiri asri V va avvali asri VI pahn shudani
talimoti mazdakiya zamina guzosht.

Mazdakiya talimoti diniyu falsafi dar Eron buda,
hamchun firqai monaviya paydo shud va boyad unsurhoi de-
mokratii onro inkishof dod. In talimot bo nomi ideo-
log va rohbari on Mazdak Bomdod mashhur gardidaast.
Moyai talimoti mazdakiya, ba monandi zardushtiya va mo-
naviya robitai khayru sharr meboshad. Muvofiqi talimo-
ti mazdakiya, olam az shohii nur va shohii zulmot iborat
ast. Nur ba khayr va zulmot ba sharr muvofiqat mekunad.
Nur (rushnoi) az rui ikhtiyor va iroda amal menamoyad va
doroi shuuru ehsos ast. Harakati zulmot boshad, taso-
dufist. Dar mazdakiya rohi yagonai najot az sharr – in
nekbini, umed va muborizai faol ast. Ba andeshai Maz-
dak, chahor quvva (aql, shuur, hofiza va shodi) jahonro
idora mekunad. In chahor quvva haft vazir dorand, ki dar
botini 12 vujudi ruhoni dar harakatand. Har kas, ki
hamai in omilhoro dar vujudi khud gird ovarad, ba kamo-
li komil noil khohad shud. Ilova ba in, zarur ast, ki u
fireftai nemathoi moddi nashavad va az hama chizhoe, ki
in dilbastagiro vusat mebakhshand, hazar kunad. Dar
rohi najoti ruh az mahbasi nafs zarur ast, ki havoyu
havas ba kulli sarkub karda shavad.

Hulosai muhimtarini talimoti mazdakiya on ast, ki
jonibdoroni on galabai ruhi badro tasodufi, vale gala-
bai ruhi rushnoiro qonuni medonistand.