Toj.su
Az tahlilhoi psikhologii dar bolo kardashuda doir ba guruh hamchun kollektiv
barmeoyad, ki har qadare, ki
guruh ba nuqtai olii taraqi-
yoti khud nazdik shavad, hamon qadar baroi har yak azoi khud
sharoiti musoid faroham meovarad va hamon qadar muhi-
ti solimi psikhologiro barpo mesozad. Guruh dar asosi
chunin tarzi taraqqiyot ohista- ohista ba kollektivi
dustu tifoq tabdil meyobad. Masalai kollektiv az
masalahoe ba hisob meravad, ki doir ba on olimoni
sohai falsafa, iqtisodiyot, huquq, pedagogika, sotsiolo-
giya va psikhologiya tadqiqothoi purarzishe anjom dodaand.
Masalai kollektiv ba tavri umda az jonibi psikhologo-
ni barjasta L. I. Umanskiy va A. V. Petrovskiy muvo-
fiqan dar nazariyahoi tartibdodai onho: «konsepsiyai pa-
rametrometrii kollektiv» va «konsepsiyai stratometrii
kollektiv», mavridi muhokima qaror giriftaast.
Hardui in nazariyaho nimai asri khkh (solhoi 1970-
1980) ejod shudaand va beguftugu inikoskunandai siyosa-
ti peshgiriftai zamoni SHuravi meboshand. Sarfi nazar
az in, in nazariyaho aqidahoi purqimatero faro girifta-
and, ki to kunun mohiyati khudro gum nakardaand.
Dar konsepsiyai peshnihodnamudai L.I.Umanskiy –
konsepsiyai parametrometrii kollektiv, diqqati asosi ba
mutashakkili va yagonagii dokhiliguruhi ravona shudaast.
Muvofiqi on, mutashakkili va yagonagii azoyoni guruh
omili asosii ba kollektiv tabdil yoftani on meboshad.
L.I.Umanskiy dar tadqiqothoi khud darajahoi ta-
raqqiyoti guruhro hamchun kollektiv sharhu ezoh doda, chu-
nin nomguzori mekunad: guruhi
diffuzi, kooperatsiya, korporatsiya va kollektiv.
Guruhi diffuzi – in umumiyati tasodufii odamon,
darajai pasti inkishofe ast, ki dar on az rui tamomi
masalahoi mavjudiyati guruh, yagonagi va hamdigarfahmi
dida nameshavad va mutashakkilii dokhili mavjud nest.
Munosibati baynishakhsi noustuvor buda, muoshirati
azoyon mazmunan kharob ast va in namudi guruh beshtar ba
tudai odamone monand ast, ki har yake baroi qone namu-
dani talaboti khud be darnazardoshti manfiati digaron
va meyorhoi guruh dar yak jo jam omadaand.
Guruh — kooperatsiya tajassumkunandai khususiyathoi
guruhi khurdest, ki ishtirokchiyoni on bo hamdigar hamkori
kardanro ogoz namudaand, vale in hamkoriho na ba tavri
doimi, balki az rui zarurat hangomi ba dastgirii
yakdigar ehtiyoj paydo kardani azoyoni guruh amali mesha-
vad. Hanuz ham azoyoni guruh manfiathoi khudro az man-
fiathoi jamiyati bolo meguzorand.
Guruh — korporatsiya bo mutashakkilii khud va yago-
nagiyu muttahidii
ba khud khos az guruhhoi digar farq mekunad. Kambu-
dii in guruh dar on ast, ki in namudi guruh baroi «bego-
nagon» dastnoras ast. Vay faqat manfiathoi azoyoni
khudro pushtiboni namuda, manfiathoi guruhhoi digarro
rad menamoyad. Az nigohi meyorhoi kollektiv korporat-
siya khususiyathoi kollektivro dorad, vale ba aqidai
L.I.Umanskiy, vay kollektiv shuda nametavonad, zero
manfiathoi guruhi alohidaro pushtiboni namuda, man-
fiathoi jamiyatiro sarfi nazar menamoyad. Kollektiv –
in umumiyati odamon buda, azoyoni on doroi maqsadi yago-
na meboshand, mutashakkilona faoliyat menamoyand va
mahsuli faoliyati onho ba manfiati umumi jamiyati
ravona shudaast.
G URUH — kollektiv az korporatsiya bo on farq meku-
nad, ki vay allakay «ru ba jonibi jamiyat» ovarda, na
tanho manfiathoi khud, balki manfiathoi ahli jamiyatro
niz paygiri menamoyad. Kollektiv yak nav organizmi zin-
davu faoli ijtimoi ast, ki dar tashakkuli khususiyathoi
muhimi afkori jamiyat naqshi muhim mebozad. Kollek-
tiv ifodakunandai sifathoi najibi insoni: sarjami,
ittifoqi, bonizomi, masuliyatnoki, mutashakkili,
faoli, tashabbuskori, hamhissi, hamdigarfahmi yo yori-
rasoni ba hamdigar va g. meboshad.
Konsepsiyai stratometrii kolektivi
A.V.Petrovskiy bo alomathoi ba khud khos az konsepsiyai
L.I.Umanskiy farq mekunad. In konsepsiya dar jarayoni
taraqqiyoti guruhho ba kollektiv se zinai (strataho) mu-
nosibathoro qayd menamoyad: munosibati bevositai emot-
sionali, munosibati bavosita bo darnazardoshti mazmu-
ni faoliyat va munosibati azoyoni guruh ba khudi mazmu-
ni faoliyati ijrokardaistodai onho.
Dar konsepsiyai mazkur rafti taraqqiyoti guruh va
ba kollektiv tabdil yoftani on chunin surat megirad. Dar
zinai avval odamon dar asosi hissi tavajjuh yo nafrat bo
ham omada, guruhro tashkil mekunand. Dar zinai duyumi
guruhi tashkilshuda maqsad va faoliyati umumii ba ham
muttahidkunandai onho muayyan karda meshavad. Dar zinai
mazkur hamchunin majmui munosibathoi ba nigohodoshti
faoliyati umumi ravonashuda shakl megirad. Bo vujudi
in, munosibati baynihamdigarii azoyon chun peshtara dar
asosi hissi tavajjuh yo nafrat surat girifta, bo mazmuni
faoliyati umumi aloqamand nest. Dar zinai okhirinu
jambastii taraqqiyoti guruh munosibathoe shakl megi-
rand, ki onho tajassumgari mazmuni faoliyati yakjoyai
azoyoni meboshand. YAne, munosibati baynishakhsii azo-
yoni guruh az chigunagii munosibati onho ba maqsad va
faoliyat vobasta meshavad. Dar zinai mazkur guruh ba ta-
vri purra ba kollektivi hamajoniba inkishofyofta tab-
dil meyobad.
