Nou Hau – chist va tashkili bozori on

Boyad qayd kard, ki ilova bar in, bo nazardoshti khususiyati mahsuloti ilmiyu tekhniki bozori dar nizomi «ilm-istehsolot»-i robitahoi baynihamdigarii iqtisodiro tanzimkunanda vazifahoi zerinro ifoda mekunad:

• davrai intikhobi talaboti mutavozun va peshnihodi mahsuloti ilmi ba vositai nizomhoi bozori;
• ozmoishi manfiatnoki jamiyatii navovarihoi az jonibi ilm peshnihodshavanda tavassuti talabot ba onho;
• oshkor sokhtani kambudivu norasoihoi nizomi korhoi ilmi- tadqiqoti va tajribaviyu naqshakashi, ki in dar navbati khud bahri justujuhoi ilmi sarivaqt tahrifu takmil yoftani onho imkon faroham meovarad;
• na tanho vazifai miyonaravi bayni ilmu istehsolotro ijro mesozad, balki ba sifati tashviqsozandai rushdi istehsolot va peshrafti ilmiyu tekhniki baromad namuda, hamin tavr baroi natijai faoliyati bayni istehsolkunandagoni mahsuloti ilmiyu tekhniki va istemolkunandagoni manfiatnoki tarafaynro ba vujud meorad.

Dar barobari in, yak qator sharthoe niz mavjudand, ki ba tashakkuli bozori mahsuloti ilmiyu-tekhniki tasir merasonand. In shartho az inho iboratand:

1. pesh az hama, vayron shudani nizomi inhisori (monopolisti) va tashkili sharoiti raqobatnok az jonibi istehsolkunandagoni mahsuloti ilmiyu tekhniki;
2. jori namudani shaklu usulhoi muassir bahri baland bardoshtani tasirpazirii istehsolot ba korhoi ilmi musoidatkunanda;
3. mavjud budani nizomi iqtisodii tatbiqi mahsuloti ilmiyu tekhniki, ki bo nazardoshti khususiyathoi vay hamchun mol tashkil yoftaast;

4. tavsiyai navovarihoi peshnihod gardida az hisobi ehyoi ikhtirokori va natijai ravandi innovatsioni ba vositai qabuli tadbirhoi faolgardonii ba in amal nigaronidashuda.

Mohiyati bozori mahsuloti ilmiyu tekhniki dar piyoda gardonidani vazifahoi asosii vay zohir meyobad. Vazifahoi asosii bozori ilmiyu tekhniki inhoyand:

1. Vazifai takroristehsolkunii bozori mahsuloti ilmiyu tekhniki dar vase namudani doirai istehsolot va istifodabarii navovarihoi ilmi-tekhniki dar miqyosi jamiyat, va korkhonaho musoidat menamoyad;

• mahsuloti faoliyati ilmiyu tekhnikiro to istemolkunanda rasonida, hamchun halqai payvastkunanda dar bayni istemolkunanda, va mahsuloti ilmiyu tekhniki baromad mekunad;
• sharoiti muntazamu sifatnoki aznavsozii istehsolot bo tashkili arzishhoi navi istemoli sharoit faroham meovarad;
• ba vositai tabadduli barobar takroristehsolkunii vasei obekthoi mushakhkhasi iqtisodiro tamin menamoyad;
• ba sifati fishangi oshkor sokhtani mutavozunii talabot va peshnihodi molhoi ilmiyu tekhniki va usulhoi nigohdorii on baromad mekunad.

2. Vazifai akhbordihii bozori mahsuloti ilmiyu tekhniki iborat ast, az tamini robitai baraksi manfi (muvofiqi nazariyai idora) meboshad, ki in az mohiyati balandi ittilootii vay bo maqsadi idorai rushdi ilmiyu tekhniki va faoliyati innovatsioni guvohi medihad. In vazifa chun alomati robitai mutaqobili furushi (tatbiqi) mahsuloti ilmiyu tekhniki buda, hamchun tashkili faoliyati tavlidkunandai asosii ittilooti iqtisodi khizmat mekunad, ki qismi tarkibiyu muhimtarini on-narkhho meboshand (bahodihii arzishi imkon medihand, ki hajmi furush, talabot, manfiatnokii jamiyatii mahsuloti ilmiyu tekhniki oshkor, inchunin kharojot va natijaho muqoisa karda shavand).
3. Vazifai havasmandgardonii bozori mahsuloti ilmiyu tekhniki chunin zohir megardad:

• etirofi nihoii mohiyati jamiyatii mehnati muhaqqiqon va tartibdihandagon, inchunin mahsuli faoliyati onhoro tamin menamoyad;
• ehtiyojoti voqeiro ba molhoi ilmiyu tekhniki oshkor sokhta, hamchun dalel baroi muhaqqiqon va ejodkunandagon khizmat menamoyad;
• hamchun fishangi kam kardani kharojoti istehsoli hangomi istehsoli mahsuloti ilmiyu tekhniki va vositai baland bardoshtani samaranokii istehsoloti ilmiyu tekhniki khizmat mekunad.

Qayd kardan bamavrid ast, ki mavqei joygirshavii bozori mahsuloti ilmiyu tekhniki dar bozori moli niz muhim meboshad.

Durnamoi rushd va ba bozor barovardani dastovardhoi ilmiyu tekhniki az marhilahoi jarayoni davrai innovatsioni arzi vujud namudani on vobastaast. Har qadar, ki jarayoni innnovatsioni zudtar surat girad, hamon qadar imkoniyati on, dar kishvar ba muvaffaqiyat noil khohad shud. Dar robita bo in, du jarayoni tashkili mahsuloti innovatsioniro tezonidan zarur ast. Ilova bar in, holo mushkilii raqobatpaziri va mahsuloti ilmtalab tezutund megardad. Har qadare, ki doirai innovatsiya «javontar» boshad, hamon qadar oyandai ba bozor sohib shudani on beshtar megardad.

Harchand dar in mavrid khavfi on niz afzuntar ast. Innovatsiyae, ki dar marhilai kamolot qaror dorad, metavonad tanho baroi farovon sokhtani bozori dokhili bo molhoi kamchinu dastnoras istifoda shavad. Agar vay dar holati rushdu inkishof qaror doshta boshad, pas dar in mavrid, ba gayr az talaboti dokhili baroi baromadan ba bozori jahoni ham sharoiti voqei mavjud meboshad. Vale, agar innovatsiya dar marhilai ba vujud omadan va hatto kamolot qaror doshta boshad, pas rohyobi ba sohai ilmiyu tekhnikii jahoni imkonpazir megardad.

Nazar ba birjai mol, mol-navovarii furukhtashuda (natijai faoliyati ilmiyu tekhniki) obekti istemoli yakdafaina meshavad. Holo khususiyat va farqi furushi mol-navovari az furush dar bozori molho (jadvali 3) dida mebaroem.

Jadvali 3. Hususiyathoi furushi mol-innovatsiya

Bozori mol	Bozori mol – innovatsiya
Furush – az jonibi furushanda ba kase dodani amvoli furukhtashavanda, ki baroi kharidor muhimu manfiatnok ast, vale na baroi furushandae, ki molro furukhtaast, vay az in huquq mahrum meshavad.	Furush ba kasi digar doda nameshavad zero furushandai navigari hangomi furushi on khudash az on mahrum nameshavad. Navigarii furukhtashuda ham ba kharidor va ham ba furushanda khizmat mekunad. Navigari az jonibi furushanda ba kasi digar dodanashuda vay azkhud karda meshavad.
Furushi makhfi va komilan beshakhs ast. Furushanda ahamiyat namedihad, ki mahsulotashro ki mekharad va bo on chi kor khohad kard.	Furushi in namudi mol – maqsadnoku malum ast – furushanda khub medonad, ki kharidori moli vay kist va baroi vay muhim ast, ki molashro chi guna istifoda khohand kard, vay chi samara medihad, in baroi obruyu shani vay to chi daraja muhim ast.
Mavjud budani shartnomai makhsusi hujjati hatmi nest, yagon khel masuliyati moliyaviyu digar khel javobgariho, makhfi budani nazaroti malumot zarur nest.	Baroi hamai muomiloti in nav shartnomahoi makhsusi hujjati zarurand, zero khususiyati onho ba tavri daqiq muayyan namudani usulu shaklhoi hifzi manfiathoi mushtarak, sugurta az khavfu khatar, tamini kafolati taqsimi foidaro talab mekunad.
Pule, ki baroi moli furukhtashuda doda meshavad, arzishi mubodilai onro inikos menamoyad, yane hamarzishi pulii andozai onro muayyan mesozad. Mubadalshavii mol ba pul khususiyati khud ba khud ba amaloi dorad. Tashakkul va afzoishi (taqyirhbii) narkhho ba yagon khel tahlilhoi ilmi vobasta meboshand.	Puli baroi innovatsiyai furukhtashuda dodashavanda vazifai narkhi kumulyativiro ba jo meorad va baroi istifodai molikiyati zehni huquq medihad. Narkhi kumulyativi – in arzishi ifodayoftai qarzi zehni ba tarafi furushanda bo ivazi qarzi puli az tarafi kharidori innovatsiya meboshad. Jarayo ni ba pul mubaddal gardidani mol – innvatsiya in ravandest, ki az tarafi qarzdihandagon nazorat karda meshavad.

Hususiyathoi furushi mol-innovatsiyaro dar misoli bozori nou-khau mushohida kardan mumkin ast. In jo mekhohem az tarikhi istifodai mafhumi «nou-khau» malumot dihem. Pesh az hama, haminro boyad takid kard, ki agar dar kishvarhoi khoriji dar tavsifi tajribai istehsoli mafhumi «nou-khau» istifoda shavad, pas dar kishvarhoi Ittihodi davlathoi mustaqil, yane jumhurihoi sobiqi Ittihodi SHuravi ba joi in mafhumhoi «tajribai peshqadam» va «tajribai peshqadami istehsoli» istifoda karda meshavand.

Amalan, dar zeri mafhumi «nou-khau» donishhoi tekhniki, tajriba va asrori istehsolot fahmida meshavad. Dar tajribai baynalkhalqii tijorati istilohi «nou-khau» yakumin marotiba dar huquqi amrikoi soli 1916 dar parvandai Dyurand ba muqobili Braun istifoda shuda, az hamon sol betarjuma va aynan mavridi istifoda qaror giriftaast.

Istilohi «nou-khau» (know how) aynan manoi «chi tavr ijro kardan, donistan»-ro dorad.

Az soli 1953 istilohi «nou-khau» dar sozishnomahoi baynalkhalqi va dar adabiyoti iqtisodi ba tavri rasmi mavridi istifoda qaror girift. «Nou-khau» avvalin marotiba dar tajribai shartnomavii IMA va Britaniyai Kabir istifoda shuda bud. Holo mo, tanosubi mafhumhoi «nou-khau» va «tajribai istehsoli»-ro dida mebaroem.

Dar adabiyoti muosir manidodi in masala se mavqero mushohida kardan mumkin ast. Du mavqei avvali on ba manoi mahdudash sharhu tavsif dodashuda, onro hamchun donishhoi tekhnologi dar borai sohahoi navi istifodai mahsulot manidod mesozem. Muhaqqiqone, ki tarafdori mavqei seyumand, sharh medihand, ki «nou- khau» donishhoero faro megirad, ki vay na tanho istehsoli mahsuloti dakhldor, balki dar asosi halli vazifahoi gayritekhnikii takmili tashkili mehnat, istehsolotu idoraro inchunin baland bardoshtani sifatnokiyu samaranokii onro tamin menamoyad. Umuman, dar zeri mafhumi «nou-khau» dar savdoi baynalkhalqii litsenziyaho sirru asrori sokhtori va tekhnologii istehsolot fahmida meshavad, ki onho ba himoyai patenti faro girifta nashudaand.

Vobasta ba korhoe, ki dar natijai onho «nou-khau» ba vujud omadaast, onro ba guruhhoi zerin taqsim mekunand:

• «nou-khau»-i ilmi-tadqikoti;
• «nou-khau»-i konstruktori;
• «nou-khau»-i tekhnologi;
• «nou-khau»-i istehsoli (asrori istehsolot);
• «nou-khau»-i hisobkardabaroi (dar sohai hisobhoi muhandisi);

• «nou-khau»-i loihavi (dar sohai loihasozii sanoat va inshooti shahrvandi);
• «nou-khau»-i idori – in sokhtorho va usulhoi idorasozii nisbatan samarabakhsh, inchunin robitahoi nisbatan soddavu boetimod;
• «nou-khau»-i tijorati – in peshnihodi donishho va tajriba dar sohai furushi mahsulot, malumot dar borai sokhti bozor, shirkathoi bonufuzi miyonarav, shaklhoi furush va tarifi mahsulot meboshad.
• «nou-khau»-i moliyavi – in malumotho dar borai shaklhoi nisbatan mufidi istifodai mablaghoi puli, kogazhoi qimatnok, khususiyathoi khosi gumruki, malumotho dar borai ittihodiyahoi bonki va shaklhoi qarzdihi meboshand.

Guftahoi boloro khulosa karda, dar majmu chunin tarifi «nou- khau»-ro peshnihod namudan mumkin ast, «Nou-khau» – in donishho, tajriba va malakaho dar sohai kor karda baromadan (loihasozi), azkhudkunii sanoati, istehsolot, furush, istifodabari, khizmatrasoni, tamiri jorivu asosi, takmil dodani tekhnikai nav, inchunin donishhoi bo onho aloqamand va tajriba dar sohai idora, iqtisodiyot, moliya va gayra meboshand, ki onho metavonand mavridi istifoda qaror girand yo arzishe doshta boshand.

Hangomi muayyan namudani «nou-khau» chunin jihathoro ba inobat megirand:

1. donishhoi tekhniki, idori, iqtisodi, moliyavi va gayra, inchunin az tajribavu malakai vobasta ba kor karda baromadan, azkhudkunii istehsolot, furush, istifodabari, khizmatrasoni, tamir, takmili tekhnika, tekhnologiya va mavodhoi nav;
2. arzish doshtani «nou-khau»;
3. istifoda shudan yo imkoniyati istifoda qaror giriftani onho;
4. mavjud nabudani himoyai huquqii onho dar sathi milli va baynalkhalqi.

Dar sharoiti guzarish ba iqtisodi bozargoni tajribai istehsoli va «nou-khau» ba hamdigar aloqamandii zich dorand. Vale, ba nazari mo hardui onhoro ba hamdigar ayniyat dodan va yak padida pindoshtan khatost.

Dar adabiyoti solhoi 80-um, odatan, tajribai istehsoliro hamchun tajribai faoliyati nisbatan samarabakhsh va maqsadnoki kormandoni alohida, jami kormandoni korkhonaho va sohahoi sanoat barrasi mekardand.

Ba hamin tariq, dar mamlakat zarurati asosnoki tashkili sharoiti musoidi qonunguzori, tashkili, iqtisodivu moliyavi, andozi va gayra, ki faoliyati innnovatsioniro ozod mesozand va ba hamin vasila tashakkuli bozori navovariho, az jumla, bozori «nou-khau»-ro tamin menamoyand, pesh omadaast.

Tashakkuli bozori «nou-khau» zakhirai gunoguni vusati korhoi ilmiyu tadqiqoti va tajribaviyu konstruktori, tashkili namunai tajribavii tekhnika, istifodai tekhnologiyai peshqadam, ikhtisor namudani davri ilmiyu istehsoli megardad.

Dar barobari in, imruz jarayonhoi vobasta ba tijoratikunonii innovatsioni bosurat inkishof myoband. Vale dar kishvarhoi IDM infrasokhtori bozori innovatsiyaho nihoyat sust inkishof yoftaast. Masalan, dar Tojikiston vay tanho bo markazi patenti, ki dar borai innovatsiyaho dar doirai jumhuri malumot gird meovarad, muarrifi megardad.

Dar tashakkul va rushdu ravnaqi bozori navovariho va «nou-khau» markazhoi tekhnologii innnovatsioni, parkhoi ilmi, tekhnologi, sanoati, guruhhoi moliyaviyu sanoati, shirkathoi mubtakiri (venchuri), inchunin korkhonahoi khurdi innovatsioni metavonand naqshi sazovorro ijro sozand. Paydoishi menejmenti innovatsioni, taqozoi zamon ast. Ravandhoi innovatsioni va korbasti onho dar mavod va tekhnikai nav asosi taraqqiyoti iqtisodiand.